A state-owned enterprise (SOE) otherwise known as a: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, crown corporation, government-owned corporation, commercial government agency, public sector undertaking, or parastatal is a legal entity that undertakes commercial activities on behalf of an owner government. The legal status of SOEs varies from being a part of the government to being stock companies with the state as a regular stockholder. The defining characteristics of SOEs are that they have a distinct legal form and they are established to operate in commercial affairs. While they may also have public policy objectives, SOEs should be differentiated from other forms of government agencies or state entities established to pursue purely non-financial objectives.[1]
Government-owned corporations are common with natural monopolies and infrastructure such as railways and telecommunications, strategic goods and services (mail, weapons), natural resources and energy, politically sensitive business, broadcasting, demerit goods (alcohol), and merit goods (healthcare).
Contents
Definitions
SOEs can be fully owned or partially owned by government. As a definitional issue, it is difficult to determine categorically what level of state ownership would qualify an entity to be considered as "state-owned", since governments can also own regular stock, without implying any special interference. As an example, the Chinese Investment Corporation agreed in 2007 to acquire a 10% interest in the global investment bank Morgan Stanley, but it is unlikely that this would qualify the latter as a government-owned corporation. Government-owned or state-run enterprises are often the result of corporatisation, a process in which government agencies and departments are re-organized as semi-autonomous corporate entities, sometimes with partial shares listed on stock exchanges.
The term 'government-linked company' (GLC) is sometimes used to refer to corporate entities that may be private or public (listed on a stock exchange) where an existing government owns a stake using a holding company. There are two main definitions of GLCs are dependent on the proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. One definition purports that a company is classified as a GLC if a government owns an effective controlling interest (>50%), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a GLC.
In the Commonwealth realms, particularly Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom country-wide SOEs often use the style "Crown corporation", or "Crown entities". Examples of Crown corporations include the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and Air Canada before the latter underwent privatization. Cabinet ministers (ministers of the Crown) often control the shares in such public corporations.
At the level of local government, territorial or other authorities may set up similar enterprises which are sometimes referred to as "local authority trading enterprises" (LATEs). Many local authorities establish services such as water supply as separate corporations or as a business unit of the authority.
Economic sectors
SOEs often operate in sectors where there is a natural monopoly, or where the government has strategic interest. However, government ownership of industry corporations is common.
Nationalization also forcibly converts a private corporation into a state-owned enterprise.
In most OPEC countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. A notable example is the Saudi national oil company, Saudi Aramco, which the Saudi government bought in 1988 and changed its name from Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The Saudi government also owns and operates Saudi Arabian Airlines, and owns 70% of SABIC, as well as many other companies. They are, however, being privatized gradually.
Europe
In Western Europe and Eastern Europe there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after World War II because of the influence of the Soviet Union style of government.[citation needed] Government control over so-called natural monopolies like industry was the norm. Typical sectors included telecommunications, power, petroleum, railways, airports, airlines, public transport, health care, postal services and sometimes banks. Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as Government corporations, including among many British Steel, Statoil and Irish Sugar. Starting in the late 1970s and accelerating through the 1980s and 1990s many of these corporations were privatized, though many still remain wholly or partially owned by the respective governments.
A state-run enterprise needs to be distinguished from an ordinary limited liability corporation owned by the state. For example, in Finland, state-run enterprises (liikelaitos) are governed by a separate act. Even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared bankrupt; the state answers for the liabilities. Stocks of the corporation are not sold and loans have to be government-approved, as they are government liabilities. In contrast, the state also owns controlling interest in ordinary limited liability corporations. A state-run enterprise is technically not always a corporation, it might also be a separate state entity, or simply a governmental agency acting as an enterprise, perhaps having its own budget. Conversely, the state can directly fund unprofitable business, such as railway services to remote areas, regardless of whether the operator is a private corporation.
Austria
- ÖBB (national railway system of Austria, administrator of Liechtenstein's railways)
- ASFINAG (Autobahn and highway financing, building, maintaining and administration)
- Hypo Group Alpe Adria: Austria nationalised this bank in 2009, and in 2014 its then-Chancellor feared its insolvency might have a similar effect to the Creditanstalt event of 1931.[2]
- Verbund 51% SOE (electricity generator and provider)
- Volksbank 43.3% SOE (retail banking group, with additional operations in Hungary, Romania and Malta)
- ORF: funded from television licence fee revenue, dominant player in the Austrian broadcast media
- Österreichische Industrieholding (ÖIAG): Austrian industry-holding stock corporation for partially or entirely nationalized companies, as of 2005:
- 31.50% of the oil producer OMV: an integrated international oil and gas company
- 28.42% of Telekom Austria: fixed line, mobile, data, and Internet communications services
- 52.85% of Österreichische Post: postal services
- 100% of ÖIAG-Bergbauholding
- 100% of Finanzmarkt Beteiligungs AG (FIMBAG)
Belgium
- National Railway Company of Belgium
- Infrabel
- RTBF
- Bpost
- Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie
- Belgacom (53.3%)
- Belgischer Rundfunk
- Fluxys (2.1%)
- SFPI-FPIM
- Elia System Operator (5.37%)
- Ethias (25%)
- Belfius (100%)
- Brussels Airport (25%)
Region of Wallonia owns the:
Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Energy Holding
- Bulgarian State Railways
- National Railway Infrastructure Company
- Bulgarian Posts
- Sofia Airport
Czech Republic
See Summary.
Finland
See Summary.
France
The Fonds stratégique d'investissement, a sovereign wealth fund initiated by Nicolas Sarkozy in October 2008 at the height of the Dexia crisis,[3] holds capital in approximately 50 firms, which are listed in the French wiki.
One significant piece of legislation in 2013 of the Hollande government is that for the constitution of the Banque Publique d'Investissement, (French) which has a mandate to encourage a German-patterned Mittelstand-like climate for France.[4][5] The former partner of Hollande, Ségolène Royal, was appointed to the vice-Chair directorship of the Bank, from which position she stated that the "BPI's purpose is not to do business nor to make profits".[6]
Agence des participations de l'État (APE) is a special agency of the French government managing the state's holdings in about 70 firms, including France Telecom, Renault and Air France.[7] It was established in 2004.[8] Among the fully owned corporations (51% or more) of the French Republic are:
- La Poste
- France Télévisions
- Radio France
- SNCF
- Régie autonome des transports parisiens
- Réseau ferré de France
- Nexter
- Areva (89.9%) 8.4% directly by the French State and 85% owned by *Commissariat à l'énergie atomique which is state-owned.
- Électricité de France (84.4%)
- Aéroports de Paris (52%)
- Française des Jeux (72%)
- Dexia Credit Local
The state of France owns a minority stake in:
- Peugeot (14%)[9][10]
- STMicroelectronics Holding N.V. 50% held by Fonds stratégique d'investissement (French)
- Airbus/EADS 12%[11] (28% total with Germany and Spain)
- GDF Suez (35.9%)
- Orange (13.2%)
- Safran (30,2%) (+ 7.4% by Areva)
- Air France-KLM (16%)
- Renault (15.01%)
- Thales (27%)
- Marché international de Rungis (33.34%) + 18.79% by local area + 4.60% by Caisse des dépôts et consignations
Germany
Note that Germany owns the most (in terms of capital worth) out of any European Country in state owned assets, which seems to be an increasing trend since the late 2000s, with the seizure of 20% of VW Group's assets.
Germany has not yet been able to divest itself of state-owned enterprises that were amassed by East Germany. The banking system in Germany is rife with SOEs, managed at the provincial Länder level, and that is one of the reasons for the delay in the Single Supervisory Mechanism banking oversight by the ECB.[12] This note about the German public bank system may help to explain matters.
- Deutsche Bahn (full ownership by Germany)
- Hapag Lloyd 37% via city of Hamburg
- Airbus/EADS 12%[11] (28% total with France and Spain)
- the Landesbank, regionally organised by the Lander, function predominantly to provide wholesale banking
- the Sparkassen system, where more than 400 German SOEs hold more than 40% of bank assets in Germany[13]
- Volkswagen Group 20% (Through State of Lower-Saxony)
- T-Mobile 32% (Deutsche Telekom) (17.4% though KfW, 14% Owned Directly by state)
- KfW Bank 100% and following assets amounting to a worth of $70.6Bn
- Deutsche Post 25.5% (through KfW) (Assets including DHL and Deutsche Postbank are therefore also partially owned by the state)
- Hypo Real Estate Seized by SoFFin in 2003 to restore financial stability to the German housing market.
- "Bundesdruckerei" (Federal Print Office) Renationalised in 2013
- Germany owns an approximate 4% stake in British Telecom as 12% of the stake of British Telecom was sold to T-Mobile in early 2015.
Note that many smaller State owned enterprises are owned by individual states of Germany such as TransnetBW.
Hungary
- MOL Group (integrated petroleum and gas company).
Ireland
In Ireland state-owned enterprises are referred to as "State-sponsored bodies".
- Bank of Ireland (15%)
- Aer Lingus (25%)
See summary.
Italy
Companies owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finances
- Alitalia - Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. in a.s. (49,90%)
- ANAS S.p.A. (100%)
- ARCUS S.p.A. (100%)
- Cassa Depositi e Prestiti S.p.A. (70%)
- Cinecittà Luce S.p.A. (100%)
- Coni Servizi S.p.A. (100%)
- Consap S.p.A. (100%)
- Consip S.p.A. (100%)
- Expo 2015 S.p.A. (40%)
- ENAV S.p.A. (100%)
- Enel S.p.A. (31,24%)
- Eni S.p.A. (3,93%) (Cassa Depositi e Prestiti S.p.A. holds 26,40%)
- Finmeccanica S.p.A. (30,20%)
- Invitalia S.p.A. (100%)
- EUR S.p.A. (90%)
- Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane S.p.A. (100%)
- Fintecna S.p.A. (100%)
- Fondo Italiano d'Investimento SGR S.p.A. (12,50%)
- GSE S.p.A. (100%)
- Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato S.p.A. (100%)
- Italia Lavoro S.p.A. (100%)
- Poste Italiane S.p.A. (100%)
- Rai Radiotelevisione Italiana S.p.A. (99,56%)
- Rete Autostrade Mediterranee S.p.A. (100%)
- SACE S.p.A. (100%)
- Sicot S.r.l. (100%)
- Società per lo Sviluppo del Mercato dei Fondi Pensione S.p.A. (56,01%)
- SOGEI S.p.A. (100%)
- SOGESID S.p.A. (100%)
- SOGIN S.p.A. (100%)
- STMicroelectronics Holding N.V. (50%)
- Studiare Sviluppo S.r.l. (100%).
Netherlands
- ABN AMRO (nationalized in 2008)
- SNS Reaal (nationalized in 2013)
- Nederlandse Spoorwegen
- Prorail
- Schiphol Group (69.77%)
- Holland Casino
Norway
See summary.
Poland
- Polsteam, 3,000 employee steamship line
Portugal
- Águas de Portugal, a state owned environmental company, which operates on Water supply, Wastewater sanitation and treatment and Recovery of waste sectors
- Caixa Geral de Depósitos, a state owned banking corporation and the Portuguese largest bank
- Carris, a state owned transportation company that operates in Lisbon
- Comboios de Portugal, a state owned railway company, which hauls freight and passengers
- EMPORDEF, a state owned defence holding company
- Metro do Porto, a state owned light railway company that operates in Porto
- Metropolitano de Lisboa, a state owned subway system that operates in Lisbon
- NAV Portugal, (Portuguese) a state owned company that provides air traffic control
- Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, a state owned public service broadcasting organization
- REFER, a state owned rail infrastructure management company
- Sociedade de Transportes Colectivos do Porto, a state owned bus company of Porto
- TAP Portugal, a state owned national airline company
- Transtejo & Soflusa, a state owned ferry company operating in Lisbon Metropolitan Area
Romania
Russia
- Government-owned Open joint-stock company (OJSC)
Examples:
- Rosatom
- OJSC Russian Railways (100% owned by state)
- OJSC Rusnano
- OJSC Aeroflot – Russian Airlines (51%)
- OJSC Channel One Russia (75%)
- OJSC RusHydro (65%)
- OJSC Sberbank (50%+1)
- OJSC Gazprom (50%+1)
- OJSC Rosneft (75%)
- OJSC Rostelecom (56.8%)
- Unitary enterprise
In Russia and some other post-Soviet states, a unitary enterprise (Russian: унитарное предприятие) is a commercial organization that have no ownership rights to the assets used in their operations. This form is possible only for state and municipal enterprises, operating with state or municipal property, respectively. The owners of the property of a unitary enterprise have no responsibility for its operation, and vice versa.
The assets of unitary enterprises belong to the Federal government, a Russian region, or a municipality. A unitary enterprise holds assets under the right of economic management (for both state and municipal unitary enterprises) or operative management (for state unitary enterprises only), and that such assets may not be distributed among the participants, nor otherwise divided. A unitary enterprise is independent in economic issues and obliged only to give its profits to the state. Unitary enterprises would have no right to set up subsidiaries, but, with the owner's consent, can open branches and representation offices.
- State corporation
By contrast, a state corporation (Russian: государственная корпорация) is a non-profit organization which manages its assets as described in its charter. State Corporations are not obliged to submit to public authorities documents accounting for activities (except for a number of documents submitted to the Russian government) and, as a rule, are subordinate not to the government, but to the Russian president, and act to accomplish some important goal. Control by the Government is implemented on the basis of annual corporation meetings, an annual report on the audit opinion of accounting and financial reporting (accounting), as well as the conclusion of the auditing commission on the results of verification of financial (accounting) statements and other corporation documents. Any other federal government departments, organs of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation, and the local governments have no right to interfere in the activities of State corporations.
Serbia
- Air Serbia (51% share)
- Elektroprivreda Srbije
- Galenika a.d. (to be privatized)
- HIP Petrohemija
- JUBMES banka (20.08% share)
- Naftna Industrija Srbije (29.87% share)
- Plovput
- Pošta Srbije
- RB Kolubara
- RTB Bor
- Serbian Railways
- Srbijagas
- Tanjug
- Telekom Srbija
- Yugoimport SDPR
- Zastava Arms
- Železara Smederevo
Slovenia
Slovenia is an ex-Yugoslavian republic. As such, its economy was largely state-owned prior to dissolution of that federation. The state still owns many enterprises, such as the banks, which in turn own such businesses as supermarkets and newspapers.[14]
- Nova Ljubljanska banka, largest bank[14]
- Nova KBM, second largest bank[14]
- Abanka, third largest bank[14]
Spain
- ADIF: (100%) construction and management of rail infrastructure.
- Renfe Operadora: (100%) rail transport.
- ENAIRE: (100%) air traffic control.
- Aena: (51% state-owned, 49% is being privatized): airport management.
- Navantia: (100%) shipbuilding.
- Correos: (100%) postal services, courier.
- Enagas: (5% state-owned)
- Red Electrica de España: (20% state-owned)
- Loterías y Apuestas del Estado: (100%) lottery.
- Bankia, through the FROB.
- Airbus/EADS 4%[11] (28% total with Germany and France).
See summary
Sweden
Two types: Government-owned companies, which legally are normal companies but mainly or fully national owned. They are expected to be funded by their sales. A big customer might be the government or a government agency. The other type is Government agencies which might also do activities competing with private owned companies. They usually are funded by tax money but can also sell services. The government has tried to avoid having agencies doing commercial activities, by separating out areas that compete with private companies into government-owned companies, for example within road construction. The reason is both to avoid unfair competition, and a wish to have market economy instead of plan economy as much as possible. Based on the tradition of avoiding "ministerial rule", the government has avoided interfering with the business of the companies, and allowed them to go international.
Switzerland
Here is the government owned of the Swiss Confederation:
- Swiss Post
- Swiss Federal Railways
- Skyguide
- RUAG
- Swisscom (56.94%)
United Kingdom
After extensive privatisation of the public sector during the Margaret Thatcher administration, there remain few statutory corporations in the UK. Ongoing privatisations lasted from the end of the 1970s, through the 1980s until 1990 with the privatisation of British Rail. After the Hatfield rail crash accident, the British government had to intervene and temporarily renationalise some companies.
- Central government
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Channel Four Television Corporation
- NATS Holdings
- National Nuclear Laboratory
- National Physical Laboratory
- London and Continental Railways
- Network Rail
- National Health Service
- Post Office
- Royal Mail (15%)
-
- Rescued banks
- UK Financial Investments Limited
- UK Asset Resolution Ltd
- The Royal Bank of Scotland Group (partial- soon to be re-privatised)
- Devolved government
- Scottish Water (Scottish Government)
- Caledonian MacBrayne (Scottish Government)
- Translink (Northern Ireland Government)
- Northern Ireland Water (Northern Ireland Government)
- Cardiff Airport (Welsh Government)
- Local government
- City of Derry Airport (Derry City Council)
- Manchester Airports Group (Greater Manchester local authorities)
- Manchester Metrolink (Transport for Greater Manchester)
- Tyne and Wear Metro (Tyne and Wear Integrated Transport Authority)
- London Underground (Transport for London)
- Nottingham Express Transit
- Nottingham City Transport
Asia
Afghanistan
In 2009, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan formed the Afghan Public Protection Force (APPF) as a "state owned enterprise" subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior. By Presidential Decree, the APPF is mandated to replace all non-diplomatic private security companies by 20 March 2013 to become the sole provider of pay-for-service security contracts within Afghanistan.[15]
China, People's Republic of
After 1949, all business entities in the People's Republic of China were created and owned by the government. In the late 1980s, the government began to reform the state-owned enterprise, and during the 1990s and 2000s, many mid-sized and small sized state-owned enterprises were privatized and went public. There are a number of different corporate forms which result in a mixture of public and private capital. In PRC terminology, a state-owned enterprise refers to a particular corporate form, which is increasingly being replaced by the listed company. State-owned enterprises are governed by both local governments and, in the central government, the national State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. As of 2011, 35% of business activity and 43% of profits in the People's Republic of China resulted from companies in which the state owned a majority interest. Critics, such as The New York Times, have alleged that China's state-owned companies are a vehicle for corruption by the families of ruling party leaders who have sometimes amassed fortunes while managing them.[16] Some major Chinese SOEs of which 275 are known as of March 2014 are listed below:
- Chery
- SINOPEC
- CNOOC
- PetroChina
- Sinochem
- Sinofert
- Bright Food
- Aluminum Corporation of China Limited, a.k.a. Chinalco
- Bank of China
- Dongfeng Motors
- China Three Gorges Corporation, owner of, amongst others, a significant stake in Energias de Portugal
- Zhejiang Expressway Company
China, Republic of (Taiwan)
The founding father of the Republic of China and of the Kuomintang, Sun Yat-sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from natural monopolies or the usage of land belonged to the public. Sun argued for Georgism and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his Three Principles of the People.
"The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."[17]
Kuomintang leader, and later President of the Republic of China on the mainland and Taiwan, Chiang Kai-shek, crushed pro-communist worker and peasant organizations and the rich Shanghai capitalists at the same time. Chiang continued Sun Yat-sen's anti-capitalist ideology—Kuomintang media openly attacked the capitalists and capitalism, demanding government-controlled industry instead.[18]
The Kuomintang Muslim Governor of Ningxia, Ma Hongkui promoted state-owned monopoly companies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industrial activity in Ningxia.[19]
Under the Kuomintang Muslim General Ma Bufang in Qinghai, industries and projects such as educational, medical, agricultural, and sanitation schemes were controlled by the state.[20]
The Chinese Muslim 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) governed southern Xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. The General Ma Hushan was chief of the 36th Division. Chinese Muslims operated state-owned carpet factories.[21]
Corporations such as Wang Film, CSBC Corporation, Taiwan, CPC Corporation, Taiwan and Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation are owned by the state in the Republic of China.
India
In India a state-owned enterprises is termed a Public Sector Undertaking or Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE). These companies are owned by the federal Government of India, or one of the many state or territorial governments, or both. The company equity needs to be majority owned by the government to be a PSU. Few examples are Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Engineers India Limited, India Trade Promotion Organization, etc.
Indonesia
state-owned enterprises are easy to recognise by their names. Company names with suffix PERSERO mean that the company is wholly/majority owned by the government. The government takes control of the state corporations under one single ministry, the Ministry of State Enterprises, which acts like the CEO of a holding company. Some of the government-owned corporations are;
- Bank Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Negara Indonesia, and Bank Tabungan Negara – Banking sector
- Pertamina, and Perusahaan Gas Negara – Energy, Oil/fuel, and gas sector
- Perusahaan Listrik Negara – the Electric company, Energy sector (national electricity utility)
- Telkom Indonesia – Telecommunications sector
- Garuda Indonesia,and Merpati Nusantara Airlines – Transport sector (domestic and international airline)
- Angkasa Pura I and Angkasa Pura II - Transport Sector (Indonesia Airport Services)
- PT Kereta Api Indonesia – Transport sector (National Railway)
- Pelni - Transport Sector (Shipping Company)
- Pelindo - Transport Sector (Port Services)
- Pos Indonesia – Postal service sector
- TVRI – National television company
- PT Dirgantara Indonesia – Manufacture (aircraft manufacture)
- PT Industri Kereta Api – Manufacture (train manufacture)
- PT Barata Indonesia – Manufacture
- PT Boma Bisma Indra – Manufacture
- PT Krakatau Steel – Steel producer
- Antara- News agency
In January 2012, the Minister of State Enterprises decided to unite manufacturing companies and for the first stage PT Barata should acquire PT Bisma to make an effective manufacturing sector.[22]
Japan
In Japan, Japan Post was reorganized into Japan Post Group in 2007 as a material step of the postal privatization. It is currently wholly owned by the government, but is planned to be sold into private ownership. Japan Railways Group (JR), Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and Japan Tobacco (JT) were formerly owned by the government.
Philippines
In the Philippines, state-owned enterprises are known as government-owned and controlled corporations. They can range from the Social Security System (SSS) and the Philippine Coconut Authority with no counterparts in the private sector to LandBank, a wholly government-owned bank that competes with private banks. A number of government-owned and controlled corporations, especially those created during the Marcos Dictatorship under his New Society program of crony capitalism, were privatized at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, including Philippine Airlines, Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company or PLDT and Philippine National Bank.
Singapore
Government-linked corporations play a substantial role in Singapore's domestic economy. These GLCs are partially or fully owned by a state-owned investment company, Temasek Holdings. As of November 2011, the top six Singapore-listed GLCs accounted for about 17% of total capitalization of the Singapore Exchange (SGX). Notable GLCs include Singapore Airlines, SingTel, ST Engineering, and MediaCorp.[23]
South Korea
There are many state-owned enterprises in South Korea.
- Incheon International Airport
- Korail
- Seoul Metro
- Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation
- Korea National Oil Corporation
- Korea Land and Housing Corporation
- Korea Electric Power Corporation
- Korean Broadcasting System
- Rough Draft Studios
Thailand
Here is the state-owned enterprises held by the government of the kingdom of Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand as shareholding of 51% or more.
- Airports of Thailand
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand
- Krung Thai Bank
- Metropolitan Waterworks Authority
- Port Authority of Thailand
- Provincial Waterworks Authority
- PTT Public Company Limited
- Thai Airways International
Africa
Kenya
Parastatals in Kenya, partly from a lack of expertise and endemic corruption, have largely inhibited economic development. In 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted "a serious threat to the economy", and, by 1989, they had still not furthered industrialization or fostered the development of a Black business class.[24]
Several Kenyan SOEs have been privatized since the 1980s, with mixed results.[25][26]
South Africa
In South Africa "the Department of Public Enterprises is the shareholder representative of the South African Government with oversight responsibility for state-owned enterprises in key sectors, including: Defence, Energy, Forestry, ICT, Mining and Transport". The current (March 2011) Minister of Public Enterprises is Malusi Gigaba.[27]
The corporate entities that this department is responsible for are:
- Alexkor – Mining sector (diamond mining)
- Broadband Infraco – ICT sector (national backbone and international connectivity)
- Denel – Aerospace and Defence sector (armaments manufacturer)
- Eskom – Energy sector (national electricity utility)
- PBMR – Energy sector (development of Pebble Bed Modular Reactor nuclear energy technology)
- South African Airways – Transport sector (international airline)
- SA Express – Transport sector (regional and feeder airline)
- SAFCOL – Forestry sector (manages forestry on state owned land)
- Transnet – Transport and related infrastructure sector (railways, harbours, oil/fuel pipelines and terminals)
- Telkom SA – Telecommunications sector (national fixed line telephone network (PSTN))
Other corporate entities not under the Department of Public Enterprises include the South African Post Office and the South African Broadcasting Corporation.
Tanzania
The Government of Tanzania owns a number of commercial enterprises in the country via the Treasury Registrar. It wholly owns the following corporations unless indicated otherwise:[28]
- Air Tanzania
- Arusha International Conference Centre
- Marine Services Company Limited
- Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited
- Tanzania Railways Limited
- Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited (65%)
- TAZARA Railway (50%)
- Tanzanian and Italian Petroleum Refining Company Limited (50%)
Americas
Brazil
State-owner enterprises are divided into public enterprises (empresa pública) and mixed-economy companies (sociedade de economia mista). The public enterprises are subdivided into two categories: individual – with its own assets and capital owned by the Union – and plural companies – whose assets are owned by multiple government agencies and the Union, which have the majority of the voting interest. Caixa Econômica Federal, Correios, Embrapa, and BNDES are examples of public enterprises. Mixed-economy companies are enterprises with the majority of stocks owned by the government, but that also have stocks owned by the private sector and usually have their shares traded on stock exchanges. Banco do Brasil, Petrobras, Sabesp, and Eletrobras are examples of mixed-economy companies.
Beginning in the 1990s, the federal government of Brazil launched a privatization program inspired by the Washington Consensus. Public-owned companies such as Vale do Rio Doce, Telebrás, CSN, and Usiminas (most of them mixed-economy companies) were transferred to the private sector as part of this policy.
Canada
In Canada, state-owned corporations are referred to as Crown corporation, indicating that an organization is established by law, owned by the sovereign (either in right of Canada or a province), and overseen by parliament and cabinet. Examples of federal Crown corporations include:
- the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation,
- Canada Post,
- and Via Rail.
Ministers of the Crown often control the shares in such public corporations, while parliament both sets out the laws that create and bind Crown corporations and sets their annual budgets.
Foreign SOEs are welcome to invest in Canada: in Fall 2013, British Columbia[29][30] and Alberta[31][32][33] signed agreements overseas to promote foreign direct investment in Canada. The Investment Canada Act governs this area federally. Prime Minister Stephen Harper is on record that the "government [needs] to exercise its judgement" over SOEs.[34]
Saskatchewan has maintained the largest number of Crown corporations, including
Crown corporations of British Columbia include
- BC Hydro,
- BC Ferries,
- BC Transit
- BC Housing Management Commission, and the
- British Columbia Lottery Corporation.
In Quebec:
Privatization, or the selling of Crown corporations to private interests, has become common throughout Canada over the past 30 years. Petro-Canada, Canadian National Railway, and Air Canada are examples of former federal Crown corporations that have been privatized. Privatized provincial Crown corporations include Alberta Government Telephones (which merged with privately owned BC Tel to form Telus), BCRIC, Manitoba Telecom Services, and Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan.
United States
Government-sponsored enterprises
Government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) are a group of financial services corporations created by the United States Congress. The United States GSEs are private corporations owned by their stockholders, rather than government-owned corporations. Their primary function is to generate profits for their stockholders, but they are structured and regulated by the U.S. government to enhance the availability and reduce the cost of credit to targeted borrowing sectors. Congress created the first GSE in 1916 with the creation of the Farm Credit System; it initiated GSEs in the home finance segment of the economy with the creation of the Federal Home Loan Banks in 1932; and it targeted education when it chartered Sallie Mae in 1972 (although Congress allowed Sallie Mae to relinquish its government sponsorship and become a fully private institution via legislation in 1995). The residential mortgage borrowing segment is by far the largest of the borrowing segments in which the GSEs operate. Together, the three mortgage finance GSEs (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the 12 Federal Home Loan Banks) have several[quantify] trillion dollars of on-balance sheet assets.[citation needed] The federal government possesses warrants which, if exercised, would allow them to take a 79.9% ownership share in the companies. The federal government has not, As of December 2014 exercised these warrants.
Government sponsored enterprises include:
Federal government chartered and owned corporations
The federal government chartered and owned corporations are a separate set of corporations chartered and owned by the federal government, which operate to provide public services, but unlike the federal agencies (Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Indian Affairs), or the federal independent commissions (e.g., the Federal Communications Commission, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, etc.), they have a separate legal personality from the federal government, providing the highest level of political independence. They sometimes receive federal budgetary appropriations, but some also have independent sources of revenue. These include (as of this writing):
- Commodity Credit Corporation[35]
- Corporation for National and Community Service (Americorps)
- Corporation for Public Broadcasting
- Export-Import Bank of the United States[36]
- Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation[37]
- Farm Credit Banks[38]
- Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
- Federal Financing Bank[39]
- Federal Home Loan Banks[40]
- Federal Prison Industries[41]
- The Financing Corporation[42]
- Gallaudet University[43]
- Government National Mortgage Association[44]
- Legal Services Corporation[45]
- National Consumer Cooperative Bank[46]
- National Fish and Wildlife Foundation[47]
- Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation[48]
- Millennium Challenge Corporation
- National Corporation for Housing Partnerships (NCHP); Washington, D.C.
- National Credit Union Administration Central Liquidity Facility
- National Endowment for Democracy[49]
- National Park Foundation[50]
- National Railroad Passenger Corporation, doing business as Amtrak
- Overseas Private Investment Corporation
- Panama Canal Commission
- Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation; Washington, D.C.
- Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
- St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
- Securities Investor Protection Corporation[51]
- Tennessee Valley Authority
Federal government acquired corporations
The federal government acquired corporations are a separate set of corporations that were not chartered or created by the federal government, but into which the federal government has obtained ownership and presently operates. These are corporations temporarily in possession of the government as a result of a seizure of property of a debtor to the government, such as a delinquent taxpayer. Usually these are awaiting auction, and most are too small to note.
Other types in the United States
There exists a second level of sovereign government in the United States after the federal government, those of the several states of which compose the United States. They have sovereign existence deriving from the consent of the sovereign people of their territories who created them and wrote their state constitution. They are not bodies corporate, as they are not created by the acquis of the federal government and exist with or without that Government's consent. They have the power to hold radical title to land, to exercise the four fundamental powers, taxation, eminent domain, police power, and escheat, as well as numerous other powers, including the power to grant charters, and implicit in that power to charter is the power to charter corporations, which they do, extensively. The vast majority of non-governmental corporations in the United States are chartered by the states of the United States, and not the federal government, this includes most charitable corporations (though some charities of national repute are chartered by the federal government, and not by a state government), non-profit corporations, and for-profit corporations. States also have the power to charter corporations that they own, control, or are responsible for the regulation and finance of. These include municipal corporations and state chartered and owned corporations. Municipal corporations (generally known as, depending on the size and function, as villages, towns, townships, boroughs, authorities. districts, cities or counties) are public corporations that have devolved, democratic control over local matters within a geographic region. Though these municipal corporations are often regulated and sometimes financed by the state government, and often can collect taxes, they are arms-length, non-sovereign, devolved public entities, and a state government which charters them is not legally responsible for their debts in the event of a municipal bankruptcy. State government chartered and owned corporations are numerous and provide public services. Examples include North Dakota Mill and Elevator and South Dakota Public Broadcasting. Generally speaking, a statute passed by a state legislature specifically sets up a government-owned company in order to undertake a specific public purpose with public funds or public property. Lotteries in the United States are also run by government corporations, such as the Georgia Lottery Corporation and many others.
There exists a third level of sovereign government in the United States as well, the sovereignty of the Native American tribal governments. Native American tribes are comprehended as ancient sovereigns, established by their sovereign people since time immemorial, and recognized as sovereign by the federal government of the United States as well as the several states, and as such, the Native American (and Alaska Native) tribal governments have rights appertaining to sovereigns, including the power to hold radical title to land, to exercise the four fundamental powers, taxation, eminent domain, police power, and escheat, as well as other powers, for instance, the power to charter corporations and undertake public undertakings that might benefit their tribal citizens, Native Americans and Alaska Natives also being citizens of their respective U.S. state, and also citizens of the United States. For example, a tribal council could establish a public service broadcaster along the lines of Ireland's Raidió Teilifís Éireann, partially fund it with a television licence on tribal land and partially through advertising as a means of uniting the tribe and giving it a voice as well as a commercial venture.
The Alaska Natives are particularly advanced in using their tribal sovereignty to incorporate corporations that are owned by and for the benefit of their tribal citizens and often compete in highly competitive economic sectors through the Alaska Native Regional Corporations. The Native American tribes in the lower 48 states often use their sovereignty and their ability to charter to compete using regulatory easements; for instance, Native American tribal corporations often trade in goods that are highly taxed in surrounding states (such as tobacco), or engage in activities that surrounding states have (for reasons of public policy) forbidden, such as the operation of casinos or gaming establishments. Most of these endeavors have proven very successful for Native American tribal sovereigns and their tribal corporations, bringing wealth into the hands of Native Americans.
Uruguay
Uruguay had the first welfare state of Latin America under the presidency of José Batlle y Ordoñez in 1904. Government-owned corporations monopolize services such as electricity (UTE), land-line communications (Antel) and water (OSE). Antel competes with private corporations in the cell-phone lines and international telephony markets.[citation needed] In 1992, under the presidency of Luis Alberto Lacalle, the government attempted to privatize all its companies, following the neoliberal Washington Consensus. However, a referendum won by 75% of the population kept the companies in the hands of the government. By the end of his term, president Lacalle alleged that he had achieved a successful modernization of the companies, which had made them more efficient.
Oceania
Australia
In Australia the predominant term used for Commonwealth SOEs is "government business enterprise" (GBE). Various Australian states also have GBEs, especially with respect to the provision of water and sewerage, but many state-based GBEs were privatized in some states during the last decade of the twentieth century.
Commonwealth GBEs include:
- Air Services Australia (privatisation is being examined)[52]
- ASC Pty Ltd
- Australian Broadcasting Corporation
- Australian Government Future Fund
- Australian Government Solicitor
- Australia Post
- Australian Rail Track Corporation
- Clean Energy Finance Corporation
- Defence Housing Australia
- Australian Future Fund
- NBN Co – fully owned and responsible for the rollout of the National Broadband Network
- Reserve Bank of Australia
- Screen Australia
- Snowy Hydro (13%)
- Special Broadcasting Service – fully owned, and combines government funding and commercial funding
Some of these enterprises are overseen by the Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy.
Tasmania has a considerable amount of GBEs, relative to other states:
- Aurora Energy
- Forestry Tasmania
- Hydro Tasmania
- Irrigation Tasmania
- Metro Tasmania
- Motor Accidents Insurance Board
- Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority
- Public Trustee
- TasRail
- Tascorp
- TasNetworks
- TasPorts
- TasWater
- TT-Line
GBEs of Victoria are:
GBEs of New South Wales are:
Queensland's GBEs:
- CS Energy
- Energex
- Ergon Energy
- Powerlink Queensland
- Port of Brisbane
- Port of Townsville
- Port of Mackay
- Queensland Rail
- SunWater
- Stanwell Corporation
- Tarong Energy
Western Australian GBEs:
South Australia is notable for having very controversially privatized most of its GBEs:
Northern Territory's GBEs
Australian Capital Territory GBEs:
- ActewAGL (50%)
- ACTEW
- Capital Metro
Privatization
Former Commonwealth SOEs include Telstra, established in the 1970s as Telecom Australia. Telstra, now Australia's leading telecommunications company, was privatized in 1997 by the government of John Howard. As of June 2010 Telstra owned a majority of the copper wire infrastructure in Australia (the rest is owned by Optus) and is pending sale to its former parent, the Australian government, for a non-binding amount of 11 billion Australian dollars, as ducts in the copper wire tunnels are needed to install the fiber optic cable. The Commonwealth Bank, as its name indicates, was also founded as public company before later being privatized.
In Victoria many GBEs were sold in the 1990s to reduce the state's level of debt. The State Electricity Commission of Victoria and the Gas and Fuel Corporation were the best-known government enterprises to be disaggregated and sold.
New Zealand
New Zealanders refer to their state-owned enterprises as "state-owned enterprises", as "SOEs", or as "crown entities". Local-government councils and similar authorities also set up locally controlled enterprises, such as water-supply companies and "local-authority trading enterprises" (LATEs) as separate corporations or as business units of the councils concerned.
Government-owned businesses designated as crown entities include:
New Zealand's state-owned enterprises have included:
- New Zealand Post
- Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited
- Airways New Zealand
- Transpower New Zealand Limited
- Landcorp
- Kordia
- Orcon Internet Limited (2007-2013)[53]
- Mighty River Power
- Meridian Energy
- Genesis Energy Limited
- Learning Media Limited
- Solid Energy
State-owned enterprises which have undergone privatisation and subsequent renationalisation:
- New Zealand Railways Corporation
- Air New Zealand
- Quotable Value (QV - partially privatised)[54]
Summary
In this list, government-owned corporations are classified on their legal status: silver color represents legal monopolies, where no competition is permitted; light green represents a corporation that has private competitors; yellow means that although competition is legally permitted, there are no other corporations de facto; uncolored refers to a free market, regulated or not.
Postal | Railways | Pharmacy | Gambling | Alcohol | Health care | Universities | Telephone | Broadcasting | Oil & Gas | Energy | Water | Airports | Highways | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | mix (Correo Argentino) | Yes (Administración de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias) | mix (LIFSE) | yes (Lotería Nacional) | mix (INV) | mix | mix (public universities) | no | mix (TV Pública Digital, LRA Radio Nacional, Télam) | yes (YPF) | mix (Enarsa, CNEA) | mix | mix (EZE, CRD, BHI, etc.) | mix |
Australia | Yes (Australia Post) monopoly on postal delivery of letters to 250g | mix (Australian Rail Track Corporation; varies by State) | mix (PBS funding only; no retail competition) | mix (varies by State) | no | mix (Medicare) | mix | mix (NBN Co wholesale only; no retail competition) | mix (ABC, SBS) | no | mix (varies by State) | mix (varies by State) | mix (varies by State) | mix (varies by State) |
Belgium | Yes (Bpost) | yes (NMBS/SNCB) | no | mix (Nationale Loterij/Lotterie Nationale) | no | mix | mix | mix (Belgacom) | mix (VRT, RTBF, BRF) | no | mix | mix | yes | |
Brazil | Yes (Correios) | mix (pt:VALEC, pt:CBTU, Trensurb) | no | yes (Caixa Econômica Federal) | mix (ethanol only) | mix (SUS) | mix (public universities) | mix (Telebras) | mix (Agência Brasil) | mix (Petrobras) | mix (Eletrobras) | mix (varies by State) | mix (Infraero) | no |
Canada | Yes (Canada Post) | mix (Via Rail), passenger rail; freight is private. | no | varies by province | varies by province (LCBO, SAQ, SLGA) | yes (Medicare) | 95% publicly governed charitable trusts (public universities) | varies by province (Sasktel) | mix (CBC) | private enterprise favored | varies by province (Hydro-Québec, BC Hydro, Hydro One, Manitoba Hydro, Nalcor, SaskPower) | varies by province | publicly governed by local authority in trust; see above | Except 407 ETR |
Chile | Yes (Correos de Chile) |
yes (EFE) | no | mix | no | yes (FONASA) |
mix (public universities) |
no | mix (TVN) |
yes (ENAP) | no | no | mix (SCL, CCP, IPC, etc.) |
mix |
Colombia | Yes (4-72) | no | no | mix (Etesa) [a] | varies by department | Nueva EPS | mix (Universidad Nacional), plus various local ones | mix (Telefónica Telecom) (Empresas Públicas de Medellín) | mix (Radio Televisión Nacional de Colombia) | mix (Ecopetrol) | (ISA Emgesa) | mix | ||
Czech Republic | Yes (Česká pošta) | yes (České dráhy) | no | no | no | yes (VZP) | mix | no | mix (Česká televize, Český rozhlas) | no | majority-held ČEZ Group | |||
Denmark | Yes (Post Danmark) | mix (Banedanmark, DSB) | no | yes (Danske Spil) | no | mix | mix (public universities; vast majority of all universities) | mix | mix (DR) | mix (Energinet.dk) | mix (DONG Energy) | municipalities | mix (Københavns Lufthavne) | yes (Helsingørmotorvejen) |
Finland | De facto (Itella) | de facto (VR) | no | yes (Veikkaus, RAY, Fintoto) | yes (Alko) | mix (municipal) | mix (All universities are state owned, few private ammattikorkeakoulu/yrkeshögskola, which is variously translated as polytechnic or as a University of Applied Sciences) | mix (TeliaSonera) | mix (YLE) | de facto (Neste) | mix (Fortum) | yes (municipal) | yes (Finavia) | mix (Destia) |
France | Yes (La Poste) |
yes (SNCF) | no | mix (Française Des Jeux) |
no | mix (CMU) | mix (EPSCP) | mix (Orange S.A.) | mix (France Télévisions) | no | mix (Électricité de France, CEA) | mix | mix | mix |
Germany | Mix (Deutsche Post) |
mix (DB) | no | no | no | mix (BG) | mix | mix (DTAG) | mix (ARD, ZDF, Deutschlandradio) | no | mix (Stadtwerke Köln) | mix | yes (states) | yes (by federal and state governments) |
Greece | De facto (ELTA) |
de facto (OSE, TrainOSE) | no | mix (OPAP) |
no | mix (ESY) | mix (All institutions titled as Universities are state owned whereas there are numerous private colleges) | mix (OTE) | mix (NERIT) | mix (ELPE) | mix (DEI) | mix | ||
Iceland | De facto (Íslandspóstur) | no railways in Iceland | no | no gambling in Iceland | yes (ÁTVR) | mix | mix | no | mix (RÚV) | style="background:white;"| no oil industry in Iceland | mix (Landsvirkjun) | ||||
India | Yes (India Post) | yes (Indian Railways) | mix (IDPL) | no | mix, varies by state (BEVCO, TASMAC) | mix | mix | mix (BSNL) | mix (Doordarshan, Akashvani) | mix (ONGC), IndianOil | yes | mix | mix (Airports Authority of India) | mix |
Indonesia | Yes (Pos Indonesia) | de facto (PT Kereta Api) | mix (Kimia Farma, etc.) | no | no | mix | mix (public universities) | mix (Telkom Indonesia) | mix (TVRI and RRI) | mix (Pertamina and PGN) | yes (Perusahaan Listrik Negara) | mix | mix (Angkasa Pura) | mix (Jasa Marga) |
Republic of Ireland | Yes (An Post) | yes (Iarnród Éireann) | no | mix National Lottery, (Prize Bond, HRI, BnaC) | no | mix (Health Service Executive) | mix | no | mix (RTE, Teilifís na Gaeilge) | mix (Ervia) | mix (ESB, BMN), | mix (Irish Water) | mix (Dublin Airport Authority, etc.) | de facto (National Roads Authority) |
Israel | Yes (Do'ar Yisrael) | de facto (Israel Railways) | no | yes (Mifal HaPayis) | yes | mix | yes | mix | mix (IBA, IETV, Kol Yisrael etc.) | mix (Oil Refineries) | mix (IEC) | de facto (Mekorot) | yes (IAA) | mix (Netivei Israel) |
Italy | De facto (Poste italiane) | mix (FS) | no | yes (AAMS) | no | mix (SSN) | mix | no | mix (RAI) | mix (Eni) | mix (Enel) | mix | mix (AOT, REG, ALL etc.) | mix (ANAS) |
Japan | Mix (JapanPost) |
mix (JR) | no | yes (JRA etc.) | no | mix (NHI) | mix | mix (NTT) | mix (NHK) | no | no | yes | mix (NRT, Haneda, ITM, etc.) | |
Republic of Korea | De facto (Korea Post) |
de facto (Korea Railroad Corporation) |
no | yes (Kangwon Land Inc.) | no | de facto (NHIS) |
mix | de facto (KT Corporation) |
mix (KBS, EBS) |
de facto (KNOC, KOGAS) |
de facto (KEPCO) |
de facto (K-WATER) |
yes (KAC, ICN) |
mix (Korea Expressway Corporation) |
Malaysia | Yes (Pos Malaysia) | de facto (KTMB, SSR, Prasarana) | mix | no | no | mix | mix (public universities) | mix (Telekom Malaysia) | mix (RTM) | yes (Petronas) | mix (Tenaga Nasional, Sarawak Energy) | mix | mix (Malaysia Airports) | de facto (Malaysian Federal Roads System, Malaysian State Roads system) |
Mexico | Mix (Servicio Postal Mexicano) | mix (Ferrocarril Transistmico) | mix (e.g. in public hospitals) | no | no | mix (Mexican Social Security Institute, Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers) | mix (National Autonomous University of Mexico, National Polytechnic Institute and state universities among others) | no | mix (Once TV México, Notimex, XEIMT-TV) | yes (Pemex) | yes (electricity: CFE) | mix (varies by state/municipality) |
mix (Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, Benito Juárez International Airport) | mix (Caminos y Puentes Federales) |
Netherlands | No | mix (Nederlandse Spoorwegen),[b] passenger rail. Freight is private | no | yes (Holland Casino) |
no | mix | mix(Dutch universities) except Nyenrode Business University | no | mix (Netherlands Public Broadcasting) | no | no | yes | ||
New Zealand | Yes (NZ Post) | yes (KiwiRail) | no | yes (New Zealand Lottery Commission) | no | mix (District health boards) | yes | no | mix (TVNZ) | no | mix (Genesis Energy, Meridian Energy, Mighty River Power, Solid Energy, Transpower New Zealand Limited) | yes | mix | yes (State Highway network) |
Norway | Yes (Posten Norge) | yes (NSB) | no | yes (Norsk Tipping) | yes (Vinmonopolet) | yes, via state monopoly | mix | mix (Telenor) | mix (NRK) | mix (Statoil, Petoro) | yes (Statkraft, and various municipally owned companies) | mix | mix (Avinor) | |
Peru | Yes (Serpost) | no | no | no | no | mix (EsSalud) | yes (local ones, including (Universidad Mayor de San Marcos) | no | yes (TV Peru) | yes (Petroperú) | mix | yes (only in local water supply and sewage services, including Sedapal) | ||
Philippines | Yes (PhilPost) | yes (PNR) | no | yes (PAGCOR) | no | yes | yes (UP) | no | mix (PTV) | mix (PNOC) | mix (NAPOCOR) | mix | ||
Portugal | Yes (CTT) | mix (Comboios de Portugal) | no | mix (Parpública) | no | mix | mix | mix (ANACOM) | mix (Rádio e Televisão de Portugal) | mix (Galp Energia) | mix (REN) | mix (Águas de Portugal) | yes | mix |
Russia | Yes (Russian Post) | de facto (Russian Railways) | no | mix (Gosloto, etc.) | no | mix (Mandatory Medical Insurance) | mix | mix (Rostelecom, TransTelekom) | mix (VGTRK, 1TV, TVC, Public Television, Zvezda, RT, Voice of Russia via monopolies Russian Satellite Communications Company and RTRS) | mix (Rosneft, Gazprom Neft via monopoly Transneft) | mix (Inter RAO, Rosenergoatom, RusHydro, Gazprom via monopoly Russian Grids) | mix | mix | de facto (federal highways, Rosavtodor, Avtodor) |
Singapore | Yes (SingPost) | mix (SMRT) | mix | yes (Singapore Pools) | mix | mix (SingHealth) | mix (NUS, NTU, SIT, SUTD) | yes (SingTel) | yes (MediaCorp) | yes (SNOC) | mix (Temasek) | mix (PUB) | yes | yes |
Spain | Yes (Correos) | mix (FEVE, Renfe Operadora, Adif) | no | mix (Loterías y Apuestas del Estado) | no | mix (Spanish National Health System) | mix (public universities) | mix | mix (EFE, RTVE) | mix (Enagas) | mix (Red Electrica de España) | mix | mix (Aena) | mix |
Sweden | De facto (Posten AB) | de facto (SJ, Green Cargo) | mix (Apoteket) | yes (Svenska Spel) | yes (Systembolaget) | mix | mix (All state-owned except 3 universities Chalmers University of Technology (owned by government,faculty,student union run as a private entity), Stockholm School of Economics (22% from state funds) and Jönköping University Foundation | mix (Telia) | mix (SVT) | no | de facto (Vattenfall, Svenska Kraftnät) | mix | mix (Swedavia) | yes (Svevia) |
Switzerland | Yes (Swiss Post) | yes (SBB/CFF/FFS) | mix (Novartis, Hoffmann-La Roche etc.) | no | no | mix | mix | mix (Swisscom) | mix (SRG SSR) | no | mix | mix | mix | |
Thailand | Yes (Post) | yes (State Rail) | yes (GPO) | yes (State Lotto) | Alcohol Permit | mix (MOPH) | mix (public universities) | mix (Telecom) | mix (MCOT) | mix (PTT) | yes (EGAT) | yes | yes | |
Turkey | Yes (PTT) | yes (TCDD) | no | yes (Millî Piyango İdaresi) | no | mix | mix (state universities) | no | mix (TRT) | mix (TPAO) | mix | mix (State Hydraulic Works) | mix | |
United Arab Emirates | Yes (Emirates Post) | no | mix | no | Liquor permit | mix (GCC, Daman) | mix | yes (TRA) | yes (DMI) | mix (ENOC, ADNOC, etc.) | mix (TAQA) | yes | mix | |
Ukraine | Yes (Ukrposhta) | Yes (Ukrainian Railways) | no | yes | no | mix | mix | no | mix | mix | yes | yes | mix | yes |
United Kingdom | Mix (Royal Mail, Post Office Ltd) | mix (Northern Ireland Railways, East Coast) (Network Rail)[c] |
no | mix (Premium Bond) | no | mix (NHS) | mix (publicly funded universities) | no | mix (BBC, Channel Four, S4C) | no | no | Mix (Scottish Water, Northern Ireland Water) |
mix | |
United States | Yes (USPS) | mix (Amtrak), passenger rail; freight is private | no | mix (State Lotteries) | varies by state (ABC store states) | mix (Medicare, Medicaid, Military Health System) | mix (U.S. military service academies, public universities) | no | mix (CPB, BBG, VOA) | no | mix (TVA) | mix | mix | mix (U.S. Routes, the Interstate) |
Uruguay | Yes (Correo Uruguayo) | yes (AFE) | no | mix (Casinos del Estado) | no | mix | mix (UdelaR) | mix (ANTEL) | mix (SODRE) | mix (ANCAP) | mix (UTE) | yes (OSE) | mix | |
Venezuela | Yes (Ipostel) | yes (IFE) | mix | mix | mix | mix (Mission Barrio Adentro) | mix (SCV, ULA), UIV, etc. | yes (CANTV) | mix (TVes, ANTV, VTV) | yes (PDVSA) | mix (CVG) | yes | ||
Vietnam | Yes (VNPT) | yes (Vietnam Railways) | mix | no gambling in Vietnam | yes | mix | mix (public universities) | mix (VNPT, Viettel) | de facto (VTV, VTC, Voice of Vietnam) | yes (Petrovietnam, Petrolimex) | yes (EVN) | mix | yes (Airports Corporation) | |
Postal | Railways | Pharmacy | Gambling | Alcohol | Health care | Universities | Telephone | Broadcasting | Oil & Gas | Energy | Water | Airports | Highways |
- ^ Etesa is a company wholly owned by the Colombian government and holds the exclusive right to gambling activities. However, it sublicenses gambling permits to any private company who applies and fulfills legal requirements.
- ^ Nederlandse Spoorwegen is a company wholly owned by the Dutch government.
- ^ Network Rail is a private company whose debts are guaranteed by the UK Government, which has caused controversy over whether it is state owned or not.
See also
- Constitutional economics
- Government agency
- List of government-owned airlines
- List of government-owned companies
- Non-departmental public body
- Political economy
- Public benefit corporation
- Public bodies
- Public company (public corporation)
- Public ownership
- Quango
- Regulatory agency
- Rule according to higher law
- Special-purpose district
- State within a state
- Stock market
- State-owned enterprises of New Zealand
- Statsforetak (Norwegian state enterprise)
- Statutory Agency
- Statutory corporation
- Volkseigener Betrieb (East German state enterprise)
Notes
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 1–16
- ^ bloomberg.com: "Faymann Evokes 1931 Austria Creditanstalt Crash on Hypo Alpe" 17 Feb 2014
- ^ nouvelobs.com: "Sarkozy annonce la création d'un fonds d'investissement souverain" 24 Oct 2008
- ^ Kohler and Weisz: "Pour un nouveau regard sur le Mittelstand: Rapport au Fonds stratégique d'investissement", La Documentation Française, 2012
- ^ "AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES ÉCONOMIQUES SUR LE PROJET DE LOI relatif à la création de la banque publique d’investissement"
- ^ latribune.fr: "BPI: Ségolène Royal vole la vedette au directeur général" 24 Apr 2013 (French)
- ^ "Business in France: The long arm of the state". The Economist. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Agence des Participations de l'État". Site Internet de la direction générale du Trésor. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Chinese Firm and France to Buy Stakes in Peugeot" 18 Feb 2014
- ^ "After Two Centuries, Peugeot Family Cedes Control" 19 Feb 2014
- ^ a b c DT: "Revamped Airbus lives up to the European dream" 6 Jan 2013
- ^ bloomberg.com: "ECB Bank Oversight Start Said to Be Delayed to Late 2014" 21 jun 2013
- ^ Felix Hüfner: The German Banking System: Lessons from the financial crisis, Economic Department Working Papers No.788, OECD, P.7. [1] ; accessed: 13.06.2011
- ^ a b c d chicagotribune.com: "Saved a state bailout, Slovenes question hefty banking bill" 16 Dec 2013
- ^ [2]: Official Afghan Public Protection Force Website.
- ^ Keith Bradsher (November 9, 2012). "China’s Grip on Economy Will Test New Leaders". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
- ^ Simei Qing "From Allies to Enemies", 19
- ^ Parks M. Coble (1986). The Shanghai capitalists and the Nationalist government, 1927–1937. Volume 94 of Harvard East Asian monographs (2, reprint, illustrated ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 263. ISBN 0-674-80536-4. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
- ^ A. Doak Barnett (1968). China on the eve of Communist takeover. Praeger. p. 190. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Werner Draguhn, David S. G. Goodman (2002). China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China. Psychology Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7007-1630-0. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 131. ISBN 0-521-25514-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ "Dahlan Iskan to merge Barata with Boma Bisma Indra". January 14, 2012.
- ^ Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (June 2012). "2012 Investment Climate Statement - Singapore". United States Department of State. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ Himbara, David (1993). "Myths and Realities of Kenyan Capitalism". Journal of Modern African Studies 31 (1): 93–107. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00011824.
- ^ "Productivity performance in Kenya" (PDF). p. 43.
- ^ "Conflicting Information Over Kenya Airways' Layoffs".
- ^ "About the DPE". DPE.gov.za. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
- ^ "Treasury Registrar". Ministry of Finance (Tanzania). Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^ "Premier Clark announces Jobs and Trade Mission to Asia"
- ^ "B.C. minister says Malaysian investment vindicates province’s bets on LNG sector" 7 Oct 2013 G+M
- ^ "Redford’s trip to China highlights petrochemical potential" 17 Sep 2013 FP
- ^ "Alberta Premier Alison Redford says China's investors want more details on rules and guidelines" 17 Sep 2013 Sun media
- ^ 24 Oct 2013 EnergyAsia release
- ^ "Foreign investment doesn’t need ‘absolute clarity: Harper" Toronto Star, 8 Nov 2013
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 24
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 44
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 60
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 50
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 77
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 82
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 105
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 120
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 125
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 131
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 145
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 149
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 165
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 180
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 162
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 168
- ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 18, 214
- ^ "Coalition cold on privatisations". The Australian. 2013-09-30.
- ^ Putt, Sarah (15 April 2013). "Kordia sells Orcon to private investors". Computerworld. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
- ^ PRIVATISATION DEBATE SHOULD BE RIGOROUS | Roger Kerr, New Zealand Business Roundtable Executive Director. Rogerkerr.wordpress.com (2011-01-17). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
References
- Profiles of Existing Government Corporations—A Study Prepared by the U.S. General Accounting Office for the Committee on Government Operations (PDF), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 301, GAO/AFMD-89-43FS Document: H402-4. Alternate location:
Further reading
- The Public Firm with Managerial Incentives by Elmer G. Wiens.