Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Allophone of /r/ before voiceless consonants and word-finally for speakers with an uvular /r/.[3] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Demolin, Didier (2001), "Some phonetic and phonological observations concerning /ʀ/ in Belgian French", in Van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland, 'r-atics(PDF), Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 61–73, ISSN0777-3692
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies) 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
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Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–99, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Addedin, M. Akram (1999), "Arabic", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–54, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Verhoeven, Jo (1994), "Fonetische Eigenschappen van de Limburgse huig-r", Taal en Tongval46: 9–21
Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press