In the Catholic Church, holy days of obligation or holydays of obligation[1] or holidays of obligation[2][3][4] or feasts of precept,[5][6] are the days on which, as canon 1247 of the Code of Canon Law states:
On Sundays and other holy days of obligation, the faithful are obliged to participate in the Mass.
Moreover they are to abstain from those works and affairs which hinder the worship to be rendered to God, the joy proper to the Lord's day, or the suitable relaxation of mind and body.
The obligation is attached to the holy day, even if transferred, as sometimes happens in the Roman Rite, to another date because of coinciding with a higher-ranking celebration. However, in some countries a dispensation is granted in such circumstances.[7]
Contents
- 1 Latin Catholic Church
- 1.1 Working holy days
- 1.2 Observance by country
- 1.2.1 Argentina
- 1.2.2 Australia
- 1.2.3 Austria
- 1.2.4 Bahrain
- 1.2.5 Belgium
- 1.2.6 Brazil
- 1.2.7 Brunei
- 1.2.8 Canada
- 1.2.9 China
- 1.2.10 Czech Republic
- 1.2.11 Denmark
- 1.2.12 England and Wales
- 1.2.13 Finland
- 1.2.14 France
- 1.2.15 Germany
- 1.2.16 Greece
- 1.2.17 Hungary
- 1.2.18 Iceland
- 1.2.19 India
- 1.2.20 Indonesia
- 1.2.21 Ireland
- 1.2.22 Italy
- 1.2.23 Japan
- 1.2.24 Korea
- 1.2.25 Kuwait
- 1.2.26 Malta
- 1.2.27 Malaysia
- 1.2.28 Mexico
- 1.2.29 Netherlands
- 1.2.30 New Zealand
- 1.2.31 Norway
- 1.2.32 Peru
- 1.2.33 Philippines
- 1.2.34 Poland
- 1.2.35 Portugal
- 1.2.36 Qatar
- 1.2.37 Russia
- 1.2.38 Saudi Arabia
- 1.2.39 Serbia
- 1.2.40 Scotland
- 1.2.41 Singapore
- 1.2.42 Slovakia
- 1.2.43 South Africa
- 1.2.44 Spain
- 1.2.45 Sri Lanka
- 1.2.46 Sweden
- 1.2.47 Switzerland
- 1.2.48 Ukraine
- 1.2.49 United States
- 2 Eastern Catholic Churches
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Latin Catholic Church
The holy days of obligation for Latin Catholics are indicated in canon 1246 of the Code of Canon Law:
§1. Sunday, on which by apostolic tradition the paschal mystery is celebrated, must be observed in the universal Church as the primordial holy day of obligation. The following days must also be observed: the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Epiphany, the Ascension, the Body and Blood of Christ, Holy Mary the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her Assumption, Saint Joseph, Saint Peter and Saint Paul the Apostles, and All Saints.
§2. With the prior approval of the Apostolic See, however, the conference of bishops can suppress some of the holy days of obligation or transfer them to a Sunday.
Placed in the order of the civil calendar, the ten days (apart from Sundays) that this canon mentions are:
- 1 January: Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- 6 January: the Epiphany
- 19 March: Solemnity of Saint Joseph, Husband of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- Thursday of the sixth week of Easter: the Ascension
- Thursday after Trinity Sunday: the Body and Blood of Christ
- 29 June: Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul, Apostles
- 15 August: the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- 1 November: All Saints
- 8 December: the Feast of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- 25 December: the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ (Christmas)
The number of holy days of obligation was once much greater. With the motu proprio Supremi disciplinae of 2 July 1911, Pope Pius X reduced the number of such non-Sunday holy days from 36 to 8: the above 10 dates (1 January was then the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ) minus the feasts the Body and Blood of Christ, and Saint Joseph.[8] The present list was established in 1917.[9]
In many countries the bishops had obtained, even before the time of Pope Pius X, the Holy See's approval to diminish the number of non-Sunday holy days of obligation, making it far less than 36. Today too, Episcopal Conferences have availed themselves of the authority granted them in law to reduce the number below the ten mentioned above.
Non-Sunday holy days of obligation all have the rank of solemnity. Accordingly, if in Ordinary Time one of them falls on a Sunday, the Sunday celebration gives way to it; but the Sundays of Advent, Lent and Eastertide take precedence over all solemnities, which are then transferred to another day.[10]
Working holy days
While episcopal conferences may suppress holy days of obligation or transfer them to Sunday, some of them have maintained as holy days of obligation some days that are not public holidays. For most people, such days are normal working days, and they therefore cannot observe the obligation "to abstain from those works and affairs which hinder the worship to be rendered to God, the joy proper to the Lord's day, or the suitable relaxation of mind and body". However, they remain bound by the obligation to participate in Mass. For these days, referred to as "working holy days", churches may have a special timetable, with Mass available outside the normal working hours and on the previous evening.[11]
In Ireland the only holy days of obligation that are also public holidays are Christmas and Saint Patrick's Day, so that it has five working holy days. Similarly, Slovakia has only four holy days of obligation that are also public holidays: Christmas, Solemnity of Mary Mother of God, Epiphany and All Saints', leaving it with five working holy days. In the Netherlands, the bishops conference decreed that, with effect from 1 January 1991, the feasts of the Assumption and All Saints, each of which it had previously decided to celebrate on the following Sunday, were to be of obligation as regards Mass, but not for abstaining from work.[12]
Observance by country
In Vatican City, but not in the rest of the Diocese of Rome, Sundays and all ten days listed in canon 1246 are observed as holy days of obligation. This is also the case in the Diocese of Lugano (covering the Swiss canton of Ticino), but perhaps nowhere else.
Some countries have as holy days of obligation feasts that are not among those listed in canon 1246. Ireland has Saint Patrick's Day.[13] Germany has St. Stephen on the "Second Christmas Day" (26 December), Easter Monday and Pentecost Monday (Whit Monday).[14]
In countries where they are not holy days of obligation, three of the ten feast days listed above are assigned to a Sunday as their proper day:[15]
- The Epiphany to the Sunday that falls between 2 and 8 January; If January 6 falls on Sunday there is no B date,
- The Ascension of Our Lord to the following Sunday;
- The Body and Blood of Christ to the following Sunday.
If they are thus assigned to a Sunday, they are not included in the following national lists of holy days of obligation, since in every country all Sundays are holy days of obligation.
Argentina
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
Australia
Austria
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Epiphany
- Feast of the Ascension
- The Body and Blood of Christ
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
Bahrain
Belgium
Brazil
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- The Body and Blood of Christ
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
Brunei
Canada
China
In the Diocese of Hong Kong, Christmas is the only holy day of obligation.[17]
Czech Republic
In Czech Republic, holy days of obligation are, by Czech Bishops' Conference, reduced to only two days, which are also public holidays in the Czech Republic:[18]
Since the other holy days of obligation mentioned in the Code of Canon Law are not public holidays, the Czech Bishops' Conference does not make attendance at Mass obligatory for Catholics, but only recommends it, as it does also on the feast days of Saints Cyril and Methodius (5 July) and Saint Wenceslas (28 September). Attendance at Mass is of course obligatory on all Sundays.
Denmark
England and Wales
(See Liturgy Office)
There are different regulations for Scotland and for Ireland.
Finland
(See Catholic Church in Finland: Practical Matters)
France
Germany
The following days are also holy days of obligation in all of Germany:
In addition, almost all dioceses have one or more of the following holy days of obligation:
The solemnities of Saint Joseph, Saints Peter and Paul and the Immaculate Conception of Mary are observed nowhere in Germany as holy days of obligation – these days are also not transferred to a Sunday. Attendance at the liturgical service (which is not Mass) on Good Friday, a public holiday, is also generally observed, although it is not a holy day of obligation.
(See Feiertagsregelung)
Greece
Instead of being transferred to the following Sunday, the Feast of the Ascension of Our Lord, though not a holy day of obligation in Greece, is kept on the Thursday of the sixth week of Easter, in order to celebrate it on the same day as the Orthodox Church of Greece.
Hungary
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Epiphany
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
Iceland
Dogs day
India
Indonesia
Ireland
- Epiphany
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
The following day is also a holy day of obligation in all of Ireland:
(See "Working holy days", above)
“Ireland” includes the entire island of Ireland, i.e. including Northern Ireland.
Italy
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Epiphany
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
Japan
Korea
“Korea” includes the entire Korean Peninsula.
Kuwait
Malta
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- St Joseph's Day
- Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Christmas
Malaysia
Mexico
The following day is also a holy day of obligation in all of Mexico:
Netherlands
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Feast of the Ascension
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Christmas
(See "Working holy days", above)
New Zealand
Norway
Peru
The following day is also a holy day of obligation in Peru:
Philippines
Poland
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Epiphany
- The Body and Blood of Christ
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Christmas
Portugal
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
Qatar
(See "Working holy days", above)
Russia
See Julian Calendar.
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Scotland
- Feast of the Ascension
- Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Christmas
There are different regulations for Ireland and for England and Wales.
Singapore
Slovakia
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Epiphany
- Feast of the Ascension
- The Body and Blood of Christ
- Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
All the holy days of obligation listed in the Code of Canon Law except the Solemnity of Saint Joseph are maintained in Slovakia, although only Solemnity of Mary, Epiphany, All Saints' Day and Christmas are also public holidays. See "Working holy days", above.
Additionally, the Slovak Bishops' Conference recommends Mass attendance on the following solemnities, because of their nationwide importance:
- Saints Cyril and Methodius (celebrated on 5 July in Slovakia - public holiday)
- Our Lady of Sorrows - Patron Saint of Slovakia (15 September - public holiday)
South Africa
Spain
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Epiphany
- St Joseph's Day
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
The following day is also a holy day of obligation in all of Spain:
- St. James's Day (Patron of Spain)
(See Calendario Litúrgico Pastoral)
Sri Lanka
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
Sweden
The following day is also a holy day of obligation in Sweden:
Switzerland
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Epiphany
- Feast of the Ascension
- The Body and Blood of Christ
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Christmas
The following days are also holy days of obligation in Switzerland:
- Easter Monday
- Pentecost Monday
- St. Stephen's Day (Second Christmas Day)
In the Diocese of Lugano (covering the canton of Ticino), the following three days are also holy days of obligation:
This probably makes the diocese of Lugano the only diocese in the world (except for the Vatican City part of the Diocese of Rome) where all ten holy days of obligation are observed.
Ukraine
- Epiphany
- Feast of the Ascension
- Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- Christmas
These regulations also apply on the Crimean peninsula, including Sevastopol,
United States
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- Feast of the Ascension
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- All Saints' Day
- Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Christmas
Ascension is only a holy day of obligation in the ecclesiastical provinces of Boston, Hartford, New York, Newark, Omaha, and Philadelphia; the others have transferred this celebration to the following Sunday.
Furthermore, when 1 January (Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God), 15 August (Feast of the Assumption), or 1 November (Solemnity of All Saints) falls on a Saturday or a Monday, the precept to attend Mass on that date is abrogated.
In years when 8 December falls on Sunday, the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception is normally transferred to 9 December, as it is outranked by the Second Sunday of Advent. The United States bishops dispense from the obligation to attend Mass on the day of the transferred celebration.[23] Where the 1962 extraordinary form of the Roman Rite is in use, the Immaculate Conception, as a First-Class Feast, outranks the Second Sunday of Advent and so remains on 8 December.
In Hawaii, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception and Christmas are the only Holy Days of Obligation, as decreed by the Bishop of Honolulu in 1992, pursuant to an indult from the Holy See and as approved by the national episcopal conference.[24] (See United States norm complementary to canon 1246)
Eastern Catholic Churches
The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches lays down the following norms for Eastern Catholic Churches:
It is for the authority competent to establish the particular law of a sui iuris Church to constitute, transfer or suppress feast days and days of penance for that sui iuris Church, after, however, seeking the views of other sui iuris Churches and observing canon 40 §1.[25]
Holy days of obligation common to all the Eastern Churches are, apart from Sundays:
- 6 January: the Epiphany
- Thursday of the sixth week of Easter: the Ascension
- 29 June: Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul, Apostles
- 15 August: the Dormition of Holy Mary the Mother of God
- 25 December: the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ (Christmas)
A particular law of a sui iuris Church can suppresses some holy days of obligation or transfers them to a Sunday, if it is approved by the Apostolic See.[26]
The Christian faithful are bound by the obligation to participate on Sundays and feast days in the Divine Liturgy or, according to the prescriptions or legitimate customs of their own sui iuris Church, in the celebration of the divine praises.[27]
See also
References
- ^ The spelling used repeatedly in the official English translation of the Roman Missal
- ^ The Tablet, 30 December 1939
- ^ Frederick Holweck, "Immaculate Conception" in The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1910)
- ^ Richard Burn, Ecclesiastical Law (A. Strahan and W. Woodfall, 1788), vol. 1, p. 336
- ^ John Hardon, Modern Catholic Dictionary
- ^ Vatican-website English translation of talk by Pope Benedict XVI on 17 November 2010
- ^ Edward McNamara, "Feast of the Immaculate Conception" in ZENIT News Agency, 17 December 2013
- ^ Supremi disciplinæ in Catholic Encyclopedia
- ^ Codex Iuris Canonici canon 1247 (1917).
- ^ General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar § 5.
- ^ For instance, Ballyroan Parish, Dublin, Churches and Religious Institutions in or near Old Louisville, United States, Churches in Krynica, Poland
- ^ Analecta Aartsbisdom Utrecht, jaargang 63, november/december 1990, p. 294-295
- ^ Liturgical Calendar
- ^ Feiertagsregelung
- ^ General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar, 7
- ^ Celebrating the Season of Christmas, Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2002
- ^ A Catholic Should Know -- Diocese of Hong Kong
- ^ http://www.katyd.cz/clanky/ostatni/slaveni-je-jeden-z-projevu-krestanskeho-zivota.html
- ^ [1]
- ^ Liturgical Calendar for Ireland 2012 (Veritas 2011 ISBN 978-1-84730-333-2), p. 10
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ Edward McNamara, "Feast of the Immaculate Conception"
- ^ Liturgical Calendar for the Dioceses of the United States of America 2014
- ^ canon 880 §2(translation corrected to correspond to the original Latin). Canon 40 §1, referred to here, says: "Hierarchs who preside over sui iuris Churches and other hierarchs are to attend very zealously to the faithful protection and exact observance of their own rite; they are not to admit changes in it except by reason of its organic progress, keeping in mind, however, mutual goodwill and the unity of Christians."
- ^ canon 880 §3
- ^ canon 881 §1
External links
- Code of Canon Law in English
- An often inaccurate translation of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
- Latin (original) text of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches