Mobile Division 1st Armoured Division 1st British Armoured Division 1st (United Kingdom) Division |
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![]() Insignia of the 1st Armoured Division
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Active | 1937–45 1960–present |
Country | ![]() |
Branch | ![]() |
Type | Infantry Division |
Size | Second World War 14,964 men[1] 343 tanks[nb 1][nb 2].Army 2020 size - around eight brigades, including 102 Logistics Brigade |
Part of | Land Forces |
Garrison/HQ | Imphal Barracks, York, UK |
Engagements |
First Gulf War Iraq War |
Commanders | |
Current commander |
Major General Giles Hill |
Notable commanders |
Willoughby Norrie Herbert Lumsden Richard Hull Rupert Smith |
The 1st (United Kingdom) Division, formerly the 1st Armoured Division, is a division of the British Army, currently the only British division to be stationed in Germany. Originally formed in November 1937 as the Mobile Division, it saw extensive service during the Second World War, was disbanded afterward, was reconstituted in 1976, and remains in service today. It should not be confused with 1st Infantry Division which saw service in the Second World War as a separate formation.
Contents
Formation
The division was formed in November 1937 on the initiative of General Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS). At the time, it was named The Mobile Division. The choice of the division's General Officer Commanding reflected the tensions within the army. The Secretary of State for War (Leslie Hore-Belisha) wanted a Royal Tank Corps officer to command, as tanks would be the main force of the division, but Montgomery-Massingberd wanted a cavalry officer. Supporters of Montgomery-Massingberd proposed that the tank element of the division should be formed from cavalry regiments equipped with light tanks only, and that the tank brigade and its heavier tanks be removed from the division. The compromise was the appointment of Major-General Alan Brooke, who was from the Royal Artillery.[3] When Brooke was promoted, his replacement was a cavalry officer.
As formed, the Mobile Division was made up of the 1st and 2nd Light Armoured Brigades, the 1st Army Tank Brigade, artillery, engineers and signals. Its paper strength was 620 armoured fighting vehicles, but 7⁄8 of these were reconnaissance vehicles, and of those some were being simulated by trucks. The heavier tanks were in the tank brigade, and until cruiser tanks started deliveries in December 1938 they were obsolete Medium Tanks. At the same time, the organization of the division was changed to a Light Armoured Brigade (three regiments with light and cruiser tanks), a Heavy Armoured Brigade (three regiments of cruiser tanks) and a Support Group (motorized rifle battalion, motorized artillery regiment and a company of engineers). In practice, with insufficient cruiser tanks to equip the division, there was no difference in numbers and type of tanks between the light and heavy brigade.[4]
Second World War
The 1st Armoured Division first saw service in incomplete form under the command of Major-General Roger Evans when the second British Expeditionary Force was sent to France in 1940.[5] It landed in France on 14 April 1940 and was evacuated on 16 June, having served south of the River Somme, isolated from the other British formations.
For the rest of 1940 and up until 27 August 1941, the division was stationed in the United Kingdom on anti-invasion duties under the command of Major-General Willoughby Norrie. It then embarked for Egypt under the command of Major-General Herbert Lumsden and arrived in Egypt on 13 November 1941. After Lumsden was wounded, Major General Frank Messervy took command in January 1942 retaining command until Lumsden returned in March.[6] It took part in many of the major battles of the latter part of the campaign against Rommel, including Gazala, First El Alamein, Second El Alamein, Tebaga Gap, Akarit, El Kourzia and Tunis.[5] In August 1942, Major-General Raymond Briggs took control,[7] and in July 1943 Major-General Alexander Galloway took over the baton.[8]
From the end of the Tunisian campaign the division remained in North Africa until May 1944. It then transferred to Italy, fighting one last battle at Coriano in the fighting on the Gothic Line.[5] Major-General Richard Hull took over command for this part of the campaign in August 1944.[9] The division was disbanded on 1 January 1945 because of the severe shortage of manpower in the British Army at the time but the 2nd Armoured Brigade survived as an independent brigade and the 18th (Lorried) Infantry Brigade was broken up and used to fill gaps in other British divisions, mainly for the 46th Infantry Division.
Second World War formation
The 1st Armoured Division was constituted as follows:[10]
Artillery
- 2nd Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery 24/08/42–26/09/44
- 4th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery 21/09/42–25/10/43
- 11th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (Honourable Artillery Company) 24/08/42–26/09/44
- 60th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery 01/04/44–26/09/44
- 76th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery 22/09/42–31/03/44
- 42nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery 26/09/42–05/10/44
Engineers
- 1st Field Squadron, Royal Engineers 01/02/40–04/02/42; 02/09/42–29/09/44
- 7th Field Squadron, Royal Engineers 23/10/40–19/03/42; 01/10/42–20/08/44
- 627th Field Squadron, Royal Engineers 21/08/44–29/09/44
- 1st Field Park Squadron, Royal Engineers 03/07/40–25/08/44
- 631st Field Park Squadron, Royal Engineers 26/08/44–29/09/44
- 1st Field Park Troop, Royal Engineers 01/08/40–02/07/40
- 27th Bridging Troop, Royal Engineers 18/10/43–25/08/44
Signals
- 1st Armoured Division Signals, Royal Corps of Signals 03/09/39–17/12/44
Reconnaissance
- 12th Royal Lancers 01/11/40–12/05/42; 13/09/42–06/04/44
- 1st The Royal Dragoons 12/05/42–13/09/42
- 4th Hussars 23/05/44–25/09/44
Brigades
- 2nd Light Armoured Brigade 03/09/39–14/04/40
- 1st Heavy Armoured Brigade 03/09/39–14/04/40
- 1st Support Group 03/09/39–11/02/42
- 2nd Armoured Brigade 14/04/40–25/09/44
- 3rd Armoured Brigade 14/04/40–04/10/40
- 22nd Armoured Brigade 14/10/40–07/11/41
- 200th Guards Brigade Group 12/02/42–20/05/42
- 201st Guard Brigade Group 21/05/42–14/06/42
- 7th Motor Brigade 23/09/42–19/07/43
- 18th (Lorried) Infantry Brigade 20/07/43–16/02/44
- 18th Infantry Brigade 05/10/43–16/02/44; 17/08/44–28/10/44
Post Second World War
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151215151724im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DesertStormMap_v2.svg/220px-DesertStormMap_v2.svg.png)
It was not until 1960 that the Division re-emerged in the British Army. It was reformed as 1st Division following the disbanding of the 1st Infantry Division and was initially based at Verden an der Aller in Germany.[11]
During the 1970s, the division consisted of two "square" brigades, the 7th Armoured Brigade and 22nd Armoured Brigade.[12] It became 1st Armoured Division in 1976 and served with I (BR) Corps being based at Shiel Barracks in Verden in Germany from 1978.[13] After being briefly reorganised into two "task forces" ("Alpha" and "Bravo") in the late 1970s, it consisted of the 7th Armoured Brigade, the 12th Armoured Brigade and 22nd Armoured Brigade in the 1980s.[14]
The divisional badge dates from 1983, and combines the hollow red triangular "spearhead" badge of 1st Infantry Division with the charging rhinoceros badge of 1st Armoured Division as displayed in the Second World War.
Divisional formations and units have deployed on many other operations such as internal security in Northern Ireland, The Falkland Islands, Belize and United Nations tours in Cyprus, Bosnia and Kosovo. The headquarters of the division was deployed to Saudi Arabia in 1990 to command British land forces. It had two brigades under its command, 4th and 7th Armoured Brigade. During the war, it came under the US VII Corps and was part of the great armoured left-hook that destroyed many Iraqi Republican Guard formations. The two brigades in the division alternated heading the advance.[15]
1993 to 2014
In 1993, HQ 1st Armoured Division was disbanded and the 1st (UK) Armoured Division formed from the 4th Armoured Division. The headquarters were established at Wentworth Barracks in Herford in 1993.[16]
The Divisional Headquarters was deployed in command of Multi-National Division (South-West) in Bosnia in 1996–1997 and 1998–1999.[17]
The Division headquarters again deployed to the Gulf area in 2003. It again commanded British forces in the area, this time with three full brigades under its control. Those were 7th Armoured Brigade again, along with 16 Air Assault Brigade, and 3 Commando Brigade. In a combined arms operation the division secured southern Iraq, including the city of Basra during the invasion. It came under I Marine Expeditionary Force during the 2003 conflict.[18]
The following brigades made up the 1st (United Kingdom) Armoured Division during that period:[11]
- 7th Armoured Brigade (The Desert Rats)
- 20th Armoured Brigade (The Iron Fist)
- 1 Division Headquarters and Signal Regiment (ADSR)
- 1 Regiment Army Air Corps (Lynx)
- 28 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers
- 1 Regiment, Royal Military Police
Additionally 4th Armoured Brigade (The Black Rats) was part of 1st Armoured Division until the division was reduced to two brigades in 2007.[19]
Current formation
Under Army 2020, the division was renamed 1st (United Kingdom) Division in July 2014 and given responsibility for coommanding the Adaptable Force which comprises:[20][21][22]
- 4th Infantry Brigade
- 7th Infantry Brigade
- 11th Infantry Brigade
- 38th Infantry Brigade
- 42nd Infantry Brigade
- 51st Infantry Brigade
- 160th Infantry Brigade
- 102 Logistic Brigade
The division moved to Imphal Barracks in York on 1 June 2015.[23]
General Officers Commanding
Commanders have been:[24]
GOC The Mobile Division
- 1937–1938 Major-General Alan Brooke[25]
GOC 1st Armoured Division
- 1938–1940 Major-General Roger Evans[26]
- 1940–1941 Major-General Willoughby Norrie[26]
- 1941–1942 Major General Herbert Lumsden[26]
- Jan 1942–Mar 1942 Major-General Frank Messervy[26]
- Mar 1942–Aug 1942 Major General Herbert Lumsden[26]
- 1942–1943 Major-General Raymond Briggs[26]
- 1943–1944 Major-General Alexander Galloway[26]
- Aug 1944–Sep 1944 Major-General Richard Hull[26]
GOC 1st Division
- 1960–1961 Major-General Alan Jolly
- 1961–1963 Major-General Thomas Pearson
- 1963–1965 Major-General Miles Fitzalan-Howard
- 1965–1968 Major-General Richard Ward
- 1968–1970 Major-General Allan Taylor
- 1970–1972 Major-General Jack Harman
- 1972–1973 Major-General Edwin Bramall
- 1973–1975 Major-General John Stanier
GOC 1st Armoured Division
- 1975–1977 Major-General David Alexander-Sinclair
- 1977–1979 Major-General Richard Lawson
- 1979–1982 Major-General Geoffrey Howlett
- 1982–1983 Major-General Brian Kenny
- 1983–1985 Major-General David Thorne
- 1985–1987 Major-General Anthony Mullens
- 1987–1989 Major-General Richard Swinburn
- 1989–1990 Major-General Roger Wheeler
- 1990–1992 Major-General Rupert Smith
- 1992–1993 Major-General Iain Mackay-Dick
GOC 1st (UK) Armoured Division
- 1993–1994 Major General Anthony Denison-Smith
- 1994–1996 Major General Roddy Cordy-Simpson
- 1996–1998 Major General John Kiszely
- 1998–2000 Major General Redmond Watt
- 2000–2003 Major General Robin Brims
- 2003–2005 Major General Peter Wall
- 2005–2006 Major General John Cooper
- 2006–2009 Major General Graham Binns
- 2009–2011 Major General Adrian Bradshaw
- 2011–2012 Major-General James Bashall
- 2012–2014 Major-General James Chiswell
GOC 1st (United Kingdom) Division
- 2014–2015 Major-General James Chiswell
- 2015–Present Major-General Giles Hill[24]
See also
- British Forces Germany
- British Armoured formations of the Second World War
- List of higher formations British 1st Armoured Division served under
- List of senior officers of 1st Armoured Division 1939–1945
- List of component units of 1st Armoured Division 1939–1945
- List of British divisions in World War II
- British Army Order of Battle (September 1939)
Notes
Footnotes
- ^ 63 light tanks, 205 medium tanks, 24 close support tanks, 25 anti-aircraft tanks, and 8 artillery observation tanks.[2]
- ^ These two figures are the war establishment, the on-paper strength, of the division for 1944/1945; for information on how the division size changed over the war please see British Army during the Second World War and British Armoured formations of World War II.
Citations
- ^ Joslen, p. 129
- ^ Joslen, p. 9
- ^ AFV Profile Book No. 2 British and Commonwealth Armoured Formations (1919-1946) Profile Publishing p24
- ^ AFV Profile Book No. 2 p24–25
- ^ a b c Chappell, p.12
- ^ Frank Messervy British Military History
- ^ Raymond Briggs at Generals.dk
- ^ Alexander Galloway at Generals.dk
- ^ Richard Hull at Generals.dk
- ^ Orders of Battle Dr. Leo Niehorster
- ^ a b British Army Units
- ^ Watson, Graham (2005). "The British Army in Germany: An Organisational History 1947-2004". Tiger Lily. p. 95.
- ^ "Shiel Barracks". BAOR Locations. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ Black, Harvey. "The Cold War Years. A Hot War in reality. Part 6.".
- ^ Order of Battle for VII Armored Corps
- ^ "Wentworth Barracks". BAOR locations. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ NATO ARRC, COMARRC
- ^ 1st (UK) Armoured Division in Iraq Field Artillery, January–February 2004
- ^ "Quebec Barracks". BAOR Locations. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ Army basing plan
- ^ "Army 2020 Report" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- ^ "Division redesignated to 1 (UK) Division". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- ^ "Homecoming of a Yorkshire general". The Press. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
- ^ a b Army Commands
- ^ Corps Commanders: Five British and Canadian Generals at War, 1939-45 By Douglas E. Delaney, p.128
- ^ a b c d e f g h Armoured Division Unit Histories - 1st Armoured Division
References
- Joslen, Lieutenant-Colonel H.F (1960) [1960]. Orders Of Battle Second World War 1939–1945. Naval & Military Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
- Chappell, Mike (1986) [1986]. British battle insignia, volume 2. Osprey. ISBN 978-0-85045-727-8.
External links
- 1 (UK) Armoured Division - on British Army official website
- 1st (United Kingdom) Armoured Division Headquarters and Signal Regiment (ADSR)
- British Army Locations from 1945 British Army Locations from 1945
- Armed Forces
- 1st Armoured Division in France 1940
- British Military History - British Armoured Divisions Italy 1943 - 1945