Demographics of Mongolia | |
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![]() Demographics of Mongolia, Data of FAO, year 2005
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Population | 2,754,685[1] (2010 census); 3,000,000 (2015-01-22 est.)[2] |
Density | 1.76/km2 |
Growth rate | 1.46%[1] (2010 census) |
Birth rate | 20.7 births/1,000 population[3] (2012 est.) |
Death rate | 6.01 deaths/1,000 population[3] (2012 est.) |
Life expectancy | 68.63 years[3] (2012 est.) |
• male | 66.16 years[3] (2012 est.) |
• female | 71.23 years[3] (2012 est.) |
Fertility rate | 2.19[3] (2012 est.) |
Infant mortality rate | 36 deaths/1,000 live births[3] (2012 est.) |
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 27.1%[3] (2012 est.) |
15–64 years | 68.9%[3] (2012 est.) |
65 and over | 4%[3] (2012 est.) |
Sex ratio | |
Total | 1 male(s)/female[3] (2012 est.) |
At birth | 1.05 male(s)/female[3] (2012 est.) |
Under 15 | 1.04 male(s)/female[3] (2012 est.) |
15–64 years | 1 male(s)/female[3] (2012 est.) |
65 and over | 0.77 male(s)/female[3] (2012 est.) |
Nationality | |
Nationality | Mongolian |
Major ethnic | Mongol |
Minor ethnic | Kazakh |
Language | |
Official | Mongolian |
Spoken | Mongolian, Kazakh |
This article is about the demographics of Mongolia, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Contents
Vital statistics
UN estimates[4]
Period | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR1 | CDR1 | NC1 | TFR1 | IMR1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950-1955 | 33 000 | 18 000 | 15 000 | 40.0 | 21.4 | 18.6 | 5.60 | 182.9 |
1955-1960 | 39 000 | 19 000 | 20 000 | 43.0 | 20.7 | 22.2 | 6.30 | 164.9 |
1960-1965 | 49 000 | 19 000 | 30 000 | 47.9 | 18.4 | 29.5 | 7.50 | 134.5 |
1965-1970 | 54 000 | 19 000 | 34 000 | 44.8 | 15.9 | 28.8 | 7.50 | 118.6 |
1970-1975 | 59 000 | 19 000 | 40 000 | 43.0 | 13.9 | 29.1 | 7.50 | 106.5 |
1975-1980 | 63 000 | 21 000 | 42 000 | 39.6 | 13.1 | 26.5 | 6.65 | 104.5 |
1980-1985 | 69 000 | 22 000 | 47 000 | 38.1 | 12.4 | 25.7 | 5.75 | 102.3 |
1985-1990 | 75 000 | 22 000 | 53 000 | 36.6 | 10.8 | 25.9 | 4.90 | 91.7 |
1990-1995 | 62 000 | 22 000 | 40 000 | 27.6 | 9.6 | 18.0 | 3.30 | 66.6 |
1995-2000 | 52 000 | 20 000 | 33 000 | 22.1 | 8.3 | 13.8 | 2.50 | 54.7 |
2000-2005 | 47 000 | 17 000 | 30 000 | 19.1 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 2.10 | 43.5 |
2005-2010 | 62 000 | 17 000 | 45 000 | 23.4 | 6.5 | 16.9 | 2.50 | 36.0 |
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births |
Registered births and deaths
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007 | 2 615 | 56 636 | 16 259 | 40 377 | 21.7 | 6.2 | 15.4 | 2.341 |
2008 | 2 659 | 63 768 | 15 413 | 48 355 | 24.0 | 5.8 | 18.2 | 2.595 |
2009 | 2 710 | 69 167 | 16 911 | 52 256 | 25.7 | 6.3 | 19.4 | 2.695 |
2010 | 2 758 | 63 270 | 18 293 | 44 977 | 23.1 | 6.7 | 16.4 | 2.390 |
2011 | 69 853 | 19 155 | 50 698 | 25.1 | 6.9 | 18.2 | 2.6 | |
2012 | 73 839 | 17 761 | 56 078 | 26.0 | 6.3 | 19.7 | 2.7 | |
2013 | 79 780 | 17 247 | 62 533 | 27.5 | 5.9 | 21.6 | 3.0 |
Structure of the population [5]
Structure of the population (11.11.2010) (Census) :
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 1 313 968 | 1 333 577 | 2 647 545 | 100 |
0-4 | 146 516 | 141 981 | 288 497 | 10,90 |
5-9 | 110 117 | 106 097 | 216 214 | 8,17 |
10-14 | 120 064 | 116 801 | 236 865 | 8,95 |
15-19 | 130 560 | 127 085 | 257 645 | 9,73 |
20-24 | 147 472 | 144 711 | 292 183 | 11,04 |
25-29 | 124 490 | 123 493 | 247 983 | 9,37 |
30-34 | 111 976 | 110 546 | 222 522 | 8,40 |
35-39 | 100 819 | 101 564 | 202 383 | 7,64 |
40-44 | 88 273 | 90 994 | 179 267 | 6,77 |
45-49 | 77 475 | 81 281 | 158 756 | 6,00 |
50-54 | 58 009 | 64 073 | 122 082 | 4,61 |
55-59 | 33 384 | 38 605 | 71 989 | 2,72 |
60-64 | 22 106 | 27 347 | 49 453 | 1,87 |
65-69 | 17 262 | 20 970 | 38 232 | 1,44 |
70-74 | 13 081 | 16 251 | 29 332 | 1,11 |
75-79 | 7 252 | 11 365 | 18 617 | 0,70 |
80-84 | 3 258 | 5 908 | 9 166 | 0,35 |
85-89 | 1 378 | 3 037 | 4 415 | 0,17 |
90-94 | 383 | 1 076 | 1 459 | 0,06 |
95-99 | 80 | 322 | 402 | 0,02 |
100+ | 13 | 70 | 83 | <0,01 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
0-14 | 376 697 | 364 879 | 741 576 | 28,01 |
15-64 | 894 564 | 909 699 | 1 804 263 | 68,15 |
65+ | 42 707 | 58 999 | 101 706 | 3,84 |
Structure of the population (01.07.2013) (Estimates) :
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 1 409 648 | 1 489 363 | 2 899 011 | 100 |
0-4 | 158 578 | 153 763 | 312 341 | 10,77 |
5-9 | 121 534 | 118 706 | 240 240 | 8,29 |
10-14 | 119 093 | 116 891 | 235 984 | 8,14 |
15-19 | 125 751 | 127 324 | 253 075 | 8,73 |
20-24 | 149 565 | 154 323 | 303 888 | 10,48 |
25-29 | 143 113 | 149 877 | 292 990 | 10,11 |
30-34 | 122 710 | 130 973 | 253 683 | 8,75 |
35-39 | 111 396 | 119 629 | 231 025 | 7,97 |
40-44 | ||||
45-49 | ||||
50-54 | ||||
55-59 | ||||
60-64 | ||||
65-69 | ||||
70-74 | ||||
75-79 | ||||
80+ |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
0-14 | 399 205 | 389 360 | 788 565 | 27,20 |
15-64 | ||||
65+ |
Ethnicity and Languages
The demonym for the people of Mongolia is Mongolian. The name Mongol usually accounts for people of the Mongol ethnic group, thus excluding Turkic groups such as Kazakhs and Tuvans.
Ethnic Mongols account for about 97% of the population and consist of Khalkh and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongolian language. The Khalkhs make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include Oirats, Buryats and others. Ethnic distinctions among the Mongol subgroups are relatively minor. Language or tribal differences are not a political or social issue.
Significant Ethnic Turkic speaker Kazakhs constitute 3.9% of Mongolia's population and the other Tuvan, Khoton, Chantuu, Tsaatan are Mongolized people with Turkic origin and speak in Mongolian. In the 19th century, the advance of the Russian Empire troops pushed Kazakhs to neighboring countries. In around 1860, part of the Middle jüz Kazakhs came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-Ölgii Province. Smaller numbers of Russian, Chinese, Korean and American people working in Mongolia, since 1990.
English is the most widely used foreign language followed by Russian. Lately, Japanese, Korean and German are gaining popularity.
Ethnicity
Ethnic groups | Language family | 1956 | 1963 | 1969 | 1979 | 1989 | 2000 | 2010[7] |
Khalkh | Mongolic | 639,141 | 775,376 | 911,079 | 1,235,806 | 1,610,424 | 1,934,674 | 2,168,141 |
Kazakh | Turkic | 36,729 | 47,735 | 62,812 | 84,305 | 120,506 | 102,983 | 101,526 |
Dörbet | Mongolic | 25,667 | 31,339 | 34,725 | 45,053 | 55,208 | 66,706 | 72,403 |
Bayid | Mongolic | 15,874 | 19,891 | 25,479 | 31,053 | 39,233 | 50,824 | 56,573 |
Buryat | Mongolic | 24,625 | 28,523 | 29,772 | 29,802 | 35,444 | 40,620 | 45,087 |
Zakhchin | Mongolic | 15,772 | 14,399 | 15,662 | 18,957 | 23,478 | 25,183 | 32,845 |
Dariganga | Mongolic | 16,852 | 18,587 | 20,603 | 24,564 | 29,040 | 31,909 | 27,412 |
Altai Uriankhai | Mongolic | 10,833[8] | 13,140 | 15,057 | 19,475 | 22,998 | 29,766 | 26,654 |
Darkhad | Mongolic | 8,826 | 10,174 | 10,716 | 14,757 | 19,019 | 21,558 | |
Khotogoid | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 7,237 | 15,460 |
Torguud | Mongolic | 4,729 | 6,028 | 7,119 | 8,617 | 10,050 | 12,628 | 14,176 |
Khotons | Mongolic | 2,603 | 2,874 | 4,056 | 4,380 | 6,076 | 9,014 | 11,304 |
Myangad | Mongolic | 2,518 | 2,712 | 3,222 | 4,173 | 4,760 | 6,028 | 6,592 |
Tuvan | Turkic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 4,778 | 5,169 |
Barga | Mongolic | 2,458 | 2,343 | 2,305 | 1,999 | 2,130 | 2,506 | 2,989 |
Üzemchin | Mongolic | 2,046 | 2,070 | 2,127 | 2,030 | 2,086 | 2,386 | 2,577 |
Eljigin | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 151 | 1,340 |
Sartuul | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1,540 | 1,286 |
Hamnigan of Tungusic origin | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 565 | 537 |
Tsaatan | Turkic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 303 | 282 |
Chantuu | Turkic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 380 | 260 |
Kharchin | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 266 | 152 |
Chahar | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 123 | 132 |
(Huuchid)* | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
(Baarin)* | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
(Khorchin)* | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
(Tümed)* | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
Russian nationals | 13,444 | 8,905 | 1,433 | 196 | 140 | 2,020 | 2,474 | |
Chinese nationals | 16,157 | 21,981 | 725 | 344 | 247 | 3,374 | 8,688 | |
Korean nationals | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 338 | 1,522 | |
American nationals | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 303 | 656 | |
Others | 11,125 | 6,819 | 35,045 | 8,653 | 1,509 | ... | ... | |
Mongolia | 845,481 | 1,017,162 | 1,188,271 | 1,538,980 | 1,987,274 | 2,365,269 | 2,754,685 |
* - not listed in Censuses
Literacy
Literacy rate is the percentage of people over the age of 15 who can read and write.
Total population: 98.3%[9]
After a decline in enrollment ratios during the transition to a market economy in the 1990, school attendance is now once more near-universal: primary school attendance rate is estimated at 97%, and adult literacy at 98%.[10]
Religions
Various forms of Shamanism have been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, as such beliefs were common among nomadic people in Asian history. Such beliefs gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and continues to be practiced. Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhism was the predominant religion. However, it was suppressed under the communist regime until 1990, with only one showcase monastery allowed to remain. Since 1990, as liberalization began, Buddhism has enjoyed a resurgence.
Religion | Population | Share % |
---|---|---|
Buddhism | 1,009,357 | 53.0 |
Islam | 57,702 | 3.0 |
Shamanism | 55,174 | 2.9 |
Christianity | 41,117 | 2.1 |
Other religions | 6,933 | 0.4 |
Atheism | 735,283 | 38.6 |
TOTAL | 1,905,566 | 100.0 |
Urbanization
Life in sparsely populated Mongolia has become more urbanized. Nearly half of the people live in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and in other provincial centers. Semi nomadic life still predominates in the countryside, but settled agricultural communities are becoming more common. Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.54% (2000 census). About two-thirds of the total population is under age 30, 36% of whom are under 14.
Key: For population growth 1979 - 2008
- Salmon cells indicate that the population has declined or experienced minimal (<1%) growth.
- Light green cells indicate a growth between 1-2%.
- Dark Green cells indicate a growth of greater than or equal to 2%.
Rank | Name | Mongolian | Inhabitants (1979 est.[11][12][13]) |
Inhabitants (1989 est.[11][14]) |
Inhabitants (2000 census[11][15]) |
Inhabitants (est. 2008[11]) |
Change since 1979 | Growth Percentage/Year | Administrative Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Ulaanbaatar * | Улаанбаатар | 396,300 | 540,600 | 711,900 | 1,008,738 | 612,438 | +5.2% | Ulaanbaatar |
2. | Erdenet | Эрдэнэт | 29,100 | - | 68,310 | 86,866 | 57,766 | +6.6% | Orkhon |
3. | Darkhan | Дархан | 49,100 | - | 65,791 | 74,300 | 25,200 | +1.7% | Darkhan-Uul |
4. | Choibalsan | Чойбалсан | 28,500 | 37,300 | 40,123 | 38,150 | 9,650 | +1.1% | Dornod |
5. | Mörön | Мөрөн | 16,500 | 21,300 | 28,903 | 36,082 | 19,582 | +4.0% | Khövsgöl |
6. | Nalaikh | Налайх | - | - | 23,600 | 29,115 | 5,515 | +3.0% | Ulaanbaatar |
7. | Khovd | Ховд | 17,500 | 24,100 | 25,765 | 28,601 | 11,101 | +2.1% | Khovd |
8. | Ölgii | Өлгий | 18,700 | 27,200 | 25,791 | 27,855 | 9,155 | +1.6% | Bayan-Ölgii |
9. | Bayankhongor | Баянхонгор | 16,300 | 21,200 | 22,066 | 26,252 | 9,952 | +2.0% | Bayankhongor |
10. | Baganuur | Багануур | - | - | 21,100 | 25,877 | 4,777 | +1.8% | Ulaanbaatar |
11. | Arvaikheer | Багануур | 12,300 | 16,900 | 19,058 | 25,622 | 13,322 | +3.6% | Övörkhangai |
12. | Ulaangom | Улаангом | 17,900 | 22,900 | 25,993 | 21,406 | 3,506 | +0.67% | Uvs |
13. | Sükhbaatar | Сүхбаатар | 14,300 | 19,600 | 22,374 | 19,626 | 5,326 | +1.2% | Selenge |
14. | Sainshand | Сайншанд | 11,100 | 10,300 | 18,290 | 25,210 | 14,110 | +4.2% | Dornogovi |
15. | Dalanzadgad | Даланзадгад | 10,000 | 14,300 | 14,050 | 16,856 | 6,856 | +2.3% | Ömnögovi |
16. | Tsetserleg | Цэцэрлэг | 14,700 | 20,300 | 18,519 | 16,300 | 1,600 | +0.37% | Arkhangai |
17. | Uliastai | Улиастай | 15,400 | 20,300 | 18,154 | 16,240 | 840 | +0.17% | Zavkhan |
18. | Altai | Алтай | 13,700 | 18,800 | 15,741 | 15,800 | 2,100 | +0.5% | Govi-Altai |
19. | Züünkharaa | Зүүнхараа | 11,400 | - | 15,000(2004) | - | 3,600 | +1.1% | Selenge |
20. | Öndörkhaan | Өндөрхаан | 11,100 | 14,400 | 18,003 | 14,800 | 3,700 | +1.1% | Khentii |
21. | Zuunmod | Зуунмод | 9,800 | 15,800 | 14,837 | 14,568 | 4,768 | +1.6% | Töv |
22. | Baruun-Urt | Баруун-Урт | 11,600 | 16,100 | 15,133 | 12,994 | 1,394 | +0.4% | Sükhbaatar |
23. | Zamyn-Üüd | Замын-Үүд | - | - | 5,486 | 11,527 | 6,041 | +13.8% | Dornogovi |
24. | Bulgan | Булган | 11,300 | 12,800 | 12,681 | 11,198 | -102 | -0.03% | Bulgan |
25. | Mandalgovi | Мандалговь | 10,200 | 16,100 | 14,517 | 10,299 | 99 | +0.03% | Dundgovi |
26. | Kharkhorin | Хархорин | - | - | 8,977(2003) | - | - | n/a% | Övörkhangai |
27. | Bor-Öndör | Бор-Өндөр | - | - | 6,406(2001) | 8,902 | 2,496 | +3.5% | Khentii |
28. | Choir | Чойр | 4,500 | - | 8,983 | 7,998 | 3,498 | +2.6% | Govisümber |
29. | Sharyngol | Шарынгол | - | - | 8,902 | 7,798 | -1,104 | -2.8% | Darkhan-Uul |
Mongolia | Монгол улс | 1,538,980 | 1,987,274 | 2,365,269 | 2,635,000 | 1,096,600 | +2.38% | Darkhan-Uul |
* - city proper, Nalaikh, Baganuur, Bagakhangai not included in this figure, they are separated in the table.
From List of cities in Mongolia
Base Demographic Indicators for Mongolia
Base Demographic Indicators for Mongolia | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demography indicator | units | U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base 1 July 2007[16] |
United Nations World Population Prospects: The 2007 Revision 1 July 2007[17] |
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific(ESCAP) 1 July 2006[18] |
National Statistical Office of Mongolia 31 December 2007[19] |
Population | person | 2,951,786 | 2,629,000 | 2,605,000 | 2,635,200 |
Age structure: 0–14 years: | % of total population | 28.72 | 27 | 28 | 28.58 |
Age structure: 15–59 years: | % of total population | 65.56 | 67 | n.a. | 65.36 |
Age structure: 60 years and over: | % of total population | 5.72 | 6 | n.a. | 6.06 |
Population growth rate : | % | 1.486 | 1.20 | 0.9 | 1.545 |
Birth rate: | births/1,000 population | 21.07 | 18.5 | 19.7 (2000–2005) | 21.7 |
Death rate: | deaths/1,000 population | 6.21 | 6.6 | 6.9 (2000–2005) | 6.2 |
Net migration rate: | migrant(s)/1,000 population | 0 | 0 | -4.0 (2000–2005) | n.a. |
Sex ratio: at birth: | male(s)/female | 1.0500 | 1.01 | 1.0424 | 1.0310 |
Sex ratio: under 15 years: | male(s)/female | 1.0408 | n.a. | 1.0153 | 1.0193 |
Sex ratio: 15–59 years: | male(s)/female | 1.0003 | n.a. | 0.9414 | 0.9379 |
Sex ratio: 60 years and over: | male(s)/female | 0.8169 | 0.80 | n.a. | 0.7933 |
Sex ratio: total population: | male(s)/female | 1.0002 | 0.9947 | n.a. | 0.9508 |
Potential support ratio: | persons aged 15 to 64 per persons aged 65 or older |
17.47 | 17 | n.a. | 16.33 |
Infant mortality rate: | deaths/1,000 live births | 42.65 | 40 | 39 (2005) | 15.4 |
Mortality under age 5: | deaths/1,000 | n.a. | 55 | 49 (2005) | 22 |
Life expectancy at birth total population: | years | 66.99 | 68 | 65.1 (2000–2005) | 66.54 |
Life expectancy at birth male: | years | 64.61 | 64 | 61.9 (2000–2005) | 63.13 |
Life expectancy at birth female: | years | 69.48 | 70 | 68.4 (2000–2005) | 70.23 |
Total fertility rate: | children born/woman | 2.2517 | 1.9 | 2.1 (2000–2005) | 2.3 |
Age specific fertility rate: | ages 15–19 (per 1,000) | 22.5 | 45 | 49.7 (2000–2005) | 18.7 |
Urban population: | % of total population | n.a. | 57 | 56.8 | 60.75 |
Gross secondary school enrolment ratio males: | % | n.a. | 84 | n.a. | 92.1 |
Gross secondary school enrolment ratio females: | % | n.a. | 95 | n.a. | 95.6 |
Contraceptive prevalence rate all methods: | % of women aged 15 to 49 who are married or in union |
n.a. | 67.4 | n.a. | n.a. |
Contraceptive prevalence rate modern methods: | % of women aged 15 to 49 who are married or in union |
n.a. | 54.3 | n.a. | n.a. |
Persons with disabilities: | % of total population | n.a. | 3.5 | n.a. | n.a. |
National poverty rate: | % of total population | n.a. | 35.6 | 36.1 (2002) | 32.2 |
Human development index: | % of total population | n.a. | 0.691 | n.a. | 0.720 |
Population projected to 2025: | person | 3,725,352 | 3,112,000 | n.a. | n.a. |
Population projected to 2050: | person | 4,340,496 | 3,388,000 | n.a. | n.a. |
See also
References
- ^ a b Date: (2011-06-13). "Mongolia National Census 2010 Preliminary Results" (PDF). National Statistical Office of Mongolia. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
- ^ Mongolian population officially reaches three million
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "CIA World Factbook". CIA. 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
- ^ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm
- ^ "Монгол улсын ястангуудын тоо, байршилд гарч буй өөрчлөлтyyдийн асуудалд" М.Баянтөр, Г.Нямдаваа, З.Баярмаа pp.57-70
- ^ Mongolia National Census 2010 Provision Results. National Statistical Office of Mongolia (in Mongolian.)
- ^ In the 1956 National Census Darkhad were counted with Uriankhai
- ^ a b National Census 2010 Preliminary results (in Mongolian])
- ^ For the 2000-2006 and 2000-2005 periods, respectively. UNICEF - At a glance: Mongolia, accessed June 15th, 2006
- ^ a b c d City Population - Historical population figures
- ^ Statistisches Bundesamt: Statistik des Auslands - Mongolei, 1985
- ^ Encyclopedia "Cartactual," published 01/01/85
- ^ http://www.nso.mn/eng/index.php National Statistical Office of Mongolia (accessed May 2, 2007)
- ^ (2000) PADCO: Mongolia Urban Development and Housing Sector Strategy, Final Report, Vol. 2, published 2005.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base - Mongolia Country Summary
- ^ United Nations World Population Prospects: The 2007 Revision
- ^ United Nations ESCAP 2007 Statistical Yearbook
- ^ Statistical Yearbook of Mongolia 2007, National Statistical Office, Ulaanbaatar, 2008
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