Mid front unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
e | |
e̞ | |
ɛ̝ | |
IPA number | 302 430 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | e̞ |
Unicode (hex) | U+0065 U+031E |
X-SAMPA | e_o |
Braille | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Sound | |
|
The mid front unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid front unrounded vowel between close-mid [e] and open-mid [ɛ], it is normally written ⟨e⟩. If precision is required, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨e̞⟩ or ⟨ɛ̝⟩ (the former, indicating lowering, being more common). In Sinology and Koreanology ⟨ᴇ⟩, (small capital E, U+1D07,
) is used sometimes.ᴇ
For many languages that have only one phonemic front unrounded vowel in the mid-vowel area (i.e. neither close nor open), this vowel is pronounced as a true mid vowel, phonetically distinct from either a close-mid or open-mid vowel. Examples are Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Greek and Turkish. A number of dialects of English also have such a mid front vowel. However, there is no general predisposition for this. Igbo, for example, has a close-mid [e], whereas Bulgarian has an open-mid [ɛ], even though neither language has another phonemic mid front vowel.
The Kensiu language spoken in Malaysia and Thailand is claimed to be unique in having true-mid vowels that are phonemically distinct from both close-mid and open-mid vowels without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.[1]
Contents
Features
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • ![]() |
- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabic | Hejazi[2] | ليش | [le̞ːʃ] | 'why' | Typically transcribed /eː/. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | he̞ | [he̞ː] | 'yes' | Usually shifted to [e] and [ɪ] in the Urmia and Jilu dialects. | |
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | |||
Catalan | Modern Alguerese[4] | sec | [se̞k] | 'dry' | /ɛ/ and /e/ merge into [e̞] in these dialects. See Catalan phonology |
Northern[4] | |||||
Czech | Bohemian[5] | led | [lë̞t] | 'ice' | Near-front; may be open-mid [ɛ] instead.[5] See Czech phonology |
Danish[6] | Conservative[7] | hæl | [ˈhe̞ːˀl] | 'heel' | Described variously as close-mid [e][8][9][10][11][12] and open-mid [ɛ][13] in contemporary Standard Danish. Most often, it is transcribed [ɛ(ː)]. See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[14] | wel | [β̞e̞l] | 'well' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɛ⟩. See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
English | Cardiff[15] | square | [skwe̞ː] | 'square' | Corresponds to /ɛə/ in RP. |
Received Pronunciation[16] | let | [le̞t] | 'let' | Corresponds to [ɛ] in other dialects. See English phonology | |
Inland Northern American[17] | bit | [bë̞t̚] | 'bit' | Near-front,[17][18] may be [ɪ] (also [ə] in Scotland) instead for other speakers. See Northern Cities vowel shift | |
Scottish[18] | [bë̞ʔ] | ||||
Yorkshire[19] | play | [ple̞ː] | 'play' | ||
Estonian[20] | keha | [ˈke̞ɦɑ̝ˑ] | 'body' | See Estonian phonology | |
Finnish[21][22] | menen | [ˈme̞ne̞n] | 'I go' | See Finnish phonology | |
German | Bernese dialect[23] | rède | [ˈre̞d̥ə] | 'to speak' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɛ⟩. See Bernese German phonology |
Standard[24] | Bett | [bɛ̝̈t] | 'bed' | Near-front;[24] also described as open-mid front [ɛ].[25] See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | φαινόμενο / fainómeno |
[fe̞ˈno̞me̞no̞] | 'phenomenon' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Hebrew[26] | כן | [ke̞n] | 'yes' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hungarian[27] | hét | [he̞ːt̪] | 'seven' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Ibibio[28] | [sé̞] | 'look' | |||
Italian | Piedmont | bene | [ˈbe̞ːne̞] | 'good' | Corresponds to /ɛ/ and /e/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology |
Japanese[29] | 笑み | ![]() |
'smile' | See Japanese phonology | |
Jebero[30] | [ˈiʃë̞k] | 'bat' | Near-front; possible realization of /ɘ/.[30] | ||
Korean[31] | 베개 | [pe̞ˈɡɛ] | 'pillow' | See Korean phonology | |
Limburgish | Maastrichtian[32] | bed | [be̞t] | 'bed' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɛ⟩. |
Weert dialect[33] | zegke | [ˈze̞ɡə] | 'to say' | ||
Norwegian | Standard Eastern[34] | nett | [n̻e̞t̻ː] | 'net' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɛ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
Portuguese | Brazilian | energia | [ẽ̞ne̞ɦˈʑi.ɐ] | 'energy' | Unstressed vowel.[35] See Portuguese phonology |
Ripuarian | Kerkrade dialect[36] | birk | [be̞ʁk] | [translation needed] | Allophone of /e/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, ʁ/.[36] |
Romanian | fete | [ˈfe̞t̪e̞] | 'girls' | See Romanian phonology | |
Russian[37] | человек | [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲe̞k] | 'human' | Occurs only after soft consonants. See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian[38] | питање / pitanje |
![]() |
'question' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Slovak | Standard[39][40][41] | behať | [ˈbe̞ɦäc̟] | 'to run' | Backness varies between front and near-front.[41] See Slovak phonology |
Slovene[42] | velikan | [ʋe̞liˈká̠ːn] | 'giant' | Unstressed vowel,[42] as well as an allophone of /e/ before /j/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[43] See Slovene phonology | |
Spanish[44] | bebé | [be̞ˈβ̞e̞] | 'baby' | See Spanish phonology | |
Swedish | Central Standard[45] | häll | [he̞l̪] | 'flat rock' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɛ⟩. Many dialects pronounce short /e/ and /ɛ/ the same. See Swedish phonology |
Tagalog | daliri | [dɐˈliɾe̞] | 'finger' | See Tagalog phonology | |
Tera[46] | ze | [zè̞ː] | 'spoke' | ||
Turkish[47][48] | ev | [e̞v] | 'house' | See Turkish phonology | |
Upper Sorbian[49] | njebjo | [ˈɲ̟e̞bʲɔ] | 'sky' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between soft consonants and after a soft consonant, excluding /j/ in both cases.[49] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
Võro | [example needed] | ||||
West Frisian[50] | ik | [e̞k] | 'I' | Also described as close-mid [e];[51] typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɪ⟩. See West Frisian phonology | |
Yoruba[52] | [example needed] | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɛ̃⟩. It is nasalized, and may be open-mid [ɛ̃] instead.[52] |
References
- ^ Bishop, N. (1996). A preliminary description of Kensiw (Maniq) phonology. Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25.
- ^ Jarrah, Mohamed Ali Saleh (1993)
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Recasens (1996:59-60)
- ^ a b Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ^ Uldall (1933), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:289)
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ^ Grønnum (2003)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ^ Peters (2010:241)
- ^ Coupland (1990:95)
- ^ Roach (2004:242)
- ^ a b Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (15 July 1997). "A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:179)
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^ Marti (1985), p. ?.
- ^ a b Kohler (1999:87)
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Laufer (1999:98)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Urua (2004:106)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ a b Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
- ^ Lee (1999:121)
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Corresponds to /ɛ/, or /ɨ/ and /i/ (where Brazilian dialects have [i ~ ɪ ~ e̞]), in other national variants. May be lowered to [ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] in amazofonia, nordestino, mineiro (MG) and fluminense (RJ) if not nasalized ([ẽ̞] does not corresponds to phoneme /ẽ/), or be raised and merged to /e/ in sulista, paulistano, caipira and sertanejo.
- ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
- ^ Kráľ (1988:92)
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ^ a b Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:138)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ Tench (2007:230)
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984:34)
- ^ Sipma (1913:10)
- ^ Tiersma (1999:10)
- ^ a b Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
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