Vienna (; German: Wien [ˈviːn]; Bavarian: Wean) is the capital of Austria and one of the nine states. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million, and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region of 3 million inhabitants, referred to as Twin City. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Vienna was ranked #1 as the world's most livable city by the Mercer Survey in 2009 and 2010. Analytically, the city was ranked 1st globally for a culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and 2nd globally after Boston in 2009 from 256 cities on an analysis of 162 indicators in the Innovation Cities Index on a 3 factor score covering culture, infrastructure and markets.
Angelica Kauffmann (30 October 1741 – 5 November 1807) was a Neoclassical painter.
She grew up in Vorarlberg, where her family originated from. By her twelfth year she had become a notable painter in the region, with bishops and nobles for her sitters. She lived and worked in Italy and later England, where she became close friends with Sir Joshua Reynolds. Kauffmann's strength was her work in history painting, the most elite and lucrative category in academic painting during the 18th century. Under the direction of Reynolds, the Academy made a strong effort to promote history painting to a native audience who were more interested in commissioning and buying portraits and landscapes.
Despite the popularity that Kauffmann enjoyed in English society and her success as an artist, she ultimately left England for the continent. She retired to Rome, where she became friends with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whom she painted. She is known by the numerous engravings from her designs by Schiavonetti, Bartolozzi and others.
The first biography about her life was already written three years after her death in 1810 by Giovanni de Rossi. It has also been used as the basis of a romance by Leon de Wailly (1838) and it prompted the novel contributed by Anne Isabella Thackeray to the Cornhill Magazine in 1875 entitled Miss Angel.