Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant | |||
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ʑ | |||
IPA number | 183 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʑ |
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Unicode (hex) | U+0291 | ||
X-SAMPA | z\ |
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Braille | ![]() ![]() |
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Sound | |||
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The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is ⟨ʑ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z\.
The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is the usual realization of /ʒ/ (as in vision) in Ghanaian English.[1]
Features
Features of the voiced alveolo-palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abkhaz | ажьа | [aˈʑa] | 'hare' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
Adyghe | жьау | [ʑaːw] | 'shadow' | ||
Catalan | Eastern and Majorcan[2] | ajut | [əˈʑut] | 'help' (n.) | See Catalan phonology |
Chinese | Jiangshan dialect of Wu | 十 | [ʑyœʔ] | 'ten' | |
Southern Min | 今仔日/kin-á-ji̍t | [kɪn˧a˥ʑɪt˥] | 'today' | ||
English | Ghanaian[1] | vision | [ˈviʑin] | 'vision' | Educated speakers may use [ʒ], to which this phone corresponds in other dialects.[1] |
Japanese | 火事/kaji | [kaʑi] | 'fire' | Found in free variation with [d͡ʑ] between vowels. See Japanese phonology | |
Kabardian | жьэ | [ʑa] | 'mouth' | ||
Luxembourgish[3] | héijen | [ˈhəi̯ʑɵ̞n] | 'high' | Allophone of /ʁ/ after phonologically front vowels; some speakers merge it with [ʒ]. Occurs only in a few words.[3] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Pashto | Wazirwola dialect | ميږ | [miʑ] | 'we' | |
Polish[4] | źrebię | ![]() |
'foal' | Also denoted by the digraph ⟨zi⟩. See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese[5][6][7] | magia | [maˈʑi.ɐ] | 'magic' | Also described as palato-alveolar [ʒ].[8][9] See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[10] | geană | [ʑanə][stress?] | 'eyelash' | Realized as [d͡ʒ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian | Conservative Moscow Standard[11] | езжу | [ˈjeʑːʊ] | 'I drive' | Somewhat obsolete; most speakers realize it as hard [ʐː].[11] Present only in a few words, usually written ⟨жж⟩ or ⟨зж⟩. See Russian phonology |
Sema[12][13] | aji | [à̠ʑì] | 'blood' | Possible allophone of /ʒ/ before /i, e/; can be realized as [d͡ʑ ~ ʒ ~ d͡ʒ] instead.[13] | |
Serbo-Croatian | Croatian[14] | пуж ħе / puž će | [pûːʑ t͡ɕe̞] | 'the snail will' | Allophone of /ʒ/ before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/.[14] See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
Sorbian | Lower[15] | źasety | [ʑäs̪ɛt̪ɨ][stress?] | 'tenth' | |
Uzbek[16] | [example needed] | ||||
Xumi | Upper[17] | [Hʑɜ] | 'beer, wine' | ||
Yi | ꑳ/yi | [ʑi˧] | 'tobacco' |
See also
References
- ^ a b c Huber (2004:859)
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007:145, 167)
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
- ^ Silva (2003:32)
- ^ Guimarães (2004)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Medina (2010)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)
- ^ Teo (2012:368)
- ^ a b Teo (2014:23)
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:68)
- ^ Zygis (2003:180–181)
- ^ Sjoberg (1963:11)
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:383)
Bibliography
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Guimarães, Daniela (2004), Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte (PDF), Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Huber, Magnus (2004), "Ghanaian English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 842–865, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Medina, Flávio (2010), Análise Acústica de Sequências de Fricativas Seguidas de [i] Produzidas por Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro (PDF), Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2007), "An electropalatographic and acoustic study of affricates and fricatives in two Catalan dialects" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (2): 143–172, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002829
- Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003), Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios (7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto, ISBN 85-7244-102-6
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
- Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives" (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics 3: 175–213