Tai Tham |
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Type | |
Languages | Northern Thai, Tai Lü, Khün |
Time period
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c. 1300–present |
Parent systems
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Direction | Left-to-right |
ISO 15924 | Lana, 351 |
Unicode alias
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Tai Tham |
U+1A20–U+1AAF | |
The Tai Tham script (Lanna: ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ, Northern Thai pronunciation: [tǔa.mɯ̄aŋ] listen, tua mueanɡ; Tai Lü: ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼ , Tham, "scripture"), also known as the Lanna script or Tua Mueang, is used for three living languages: Northern Thai (that is, Kham Mueang), Tai Lü and Khün. In addition, the Lanna script is used for Lao Tham (or old Lao) and other dialect variants in Buddhist palm leaves and notebooks. The script is also known as Tham or Yuan script.
The Northern Thai language is a close relative of Thai and member of the Chiang Saeng language family. It is spoken by nearly 6,000,000 people in Northern Thailand and several thousand in Laos of whom few are literate in Lanna script. The script is still read by older monks. Northern Thai has six linguistic tones and Thai only five, making transcription into the Thai alphabet problematic. There is some resurgent interest in the script among younger people, but an added complication is that the modern spoken form, called Kammuang, differs in pronunciation from the older form.[1] There are 670,000 speakers of Tai Lü of whom those born before 1950 are literate in Lanna script.[citation needed] The script has also continued to be taught in the monasteries. There are 120,000 speakers of Khün for which Lanna is the only script.
Contents
Consonants
Consonants are divided into two groups: main consonants (พยัญชนะหลัก) and added consonants (พยัชนะเติม). There are 33 main consonants, and there are 15 added consonants. The main consonants are those from Pali. The main consonant group is further divided into two groups: categorized (พยัญชนะวัคค์, vagga) and uncategorized consonants (พยัญชนะอวัคค์, avagga). There are 25 categorized consonants, and there are 8 uncategorized consonants. The added consonant group consists of consonants that have been added to write Tai sounds that do not occur in Pali.
Categorized | |||||||
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Obstruents | Nasals | ||||||
main | added | main | added | main | added | main | |
![]() kǎ /k/ hiɡh |
![]() khǎ /x/ hiɡh |
![]() khǎ /x/ hiɡh |
![]() ka᷇ /k/ low |
![]() kha᷇ /x/ low |
![]() kha᷇ /x/ low |
![]() nga᷇ /ŋ/ low |
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![]() chǎ /t͡ɕ/ hiɡh |
![]() sǎ /s/ hiɡh |
![]() cha᷇ /t͡ɕ/ low |
![]() sa᷇ /s/ low |
![]() ![]() sa᷇ /s/ low |
![]() nya᷇ /ɲ/ low |
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![]() la tǎ /t/ hiɡh |
![]() ![]() la thǎ /tʰ/ hiɡh |
![]() da᷇ /d/ mid |
![]() la tha᷇ /tʰ/ low |
![]() la na᷇ /n/ low |
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![]() tǎ /t/ hiɡh |
![]() thǎ /tʰ/ hiɡh |
![]() ta᷇ /t/ low |
![]() tha᷇ /tʰ/ low |
![]() na᷇ /n/ low |
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![]() bǎ /b/ mid |
![]() pǎ /p/ hiɡh |
![]() phǎ /pʰ/ hiɡh |
![]() fǎ /f/ hiɡh |
![]() pa᷇ /p/ low |
![]() fa᷇ /f/ low |
![]() pha᷇ /pʰ/ low |
![]() ma᷇ /m/ low |
Uncategorized | |||||||
![]() nya᷇ /ɲ/ low |
![]() yá /j/ mid |
![]() ha᷇ /h/ low |
![]() la᷇ /l/ low |
![]() wa᷇ /w/ low |
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![]() sǎ /s/ hiɡh |
![]() sǎ /s/ hiɡh |
![]() sǎ /s/ hiɡh |
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![]() hǎ /h/ hiɡh |
![]() la᷇ /l/ low |
![]() ![]() ǎ /ʔ/ mid |
![]() ha᷇ /h/ low |
![]() ![]() lāe /lɛ̄ː/ |
![]() nā /nāː/ |
![]() sǒr sǒnɡ ho᷇nɡ /sɔ̌ː sɔ̌ːŋ hɔ᷇ːŋ/ |
![]() nya᷇ nya᷇ /ɲa᷇ʔ ɲa᷇ʔ/ |
![]() ra rōnɡ /la᷇.hōːŋ/ |
![]() lu᷇e /lɯ᷇ʔ/ |
![]() lūe /lɯ̄ː/ |
Vowels
Vowels are written at various locations around their consonant, like Thai.[2] There are special letters for initial vowels, and many vowel combinations.
Pali vowels
Tai Tham | ![]() |
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ᩋ | -ᩣ | ᩍ | ᩎ | ᩏ | ᩐ | ᩑ | -ᩮᩣ,-ᩮᩤ, ᩒ | |
IPA | /ʔáʔ/ | /ʔāː/ | /ʔíʔ/ | /ʔīː/ | /ʔúʔ/ | /ʔūː/ | /ʔēː/ | /ʔōː/ |
Tonal markers
![]() mai yo /máj.jɔ́ʔ/ |
![]() mai kho chang /máj.xɔ̌ː.t͡ɕáːŋ/ |
Tai Tham and Other Scripts
Categorized letters
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Uncategorized letters
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Numerals
Arabic numerals | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
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Hora digits | ᪀ | ᪁ | ᪂ | ᪃ | ᪄ | ᪅ | ᪆ | ᪇ | ᪈ | ᪉ |
Tham digits | ᪐ | ᪑ | ᪒ | ᪓ | ᪔ | ᪕ | ᪖ | ᪗ | ᪘ | ᪙ |
Thai numerals | ๐ | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙ |
Lao numerals | ໐ | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙ |
Burmese numerals | ๐ | ၁ | ၂ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ၆ | ၇ | ၈ | ၉ |
Khmer numerals | ០ | ១ | ២ | ៣ | ៤ | ៥ | ៦ | ៧ | ៨ | ៩ |
Sanskrit and Pali
Brahmic scripts |
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The Brahmic script and its descendants |
Northern Brahmic
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The Tai Tham script (like all Indic scripts) uses a number of modifications to write Pali and related languages (in particular, Sanskrit). When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used.
Plosives (วัคค์ ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ vagga)
Non-plosives (อวัคค์ ᩋᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ avagga)
glottal | palatal | retroflex | dental | labial | tonal class |
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L | |
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H | ||
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Unicode
Tai Tham script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
Block
The Unicode block for Tai Tham is U+1A20–U+1AAF:
Tai Tham[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) |
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0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1A2x | ᨠ | ᨡ | ᨢ | ᨣ | ᨤ | ᨥ | ᨦ | ᨧ | ᨨ | ᨩ | ᨪ | ᨫ | ᨬ | ᨭ | ᨮ | ᨯ |
U+1A3x | ᨰ | ᨱ | ᨲ | ᨳ | ᨴ | ᨵ | ᨶ | ᨷ | ᨸ | ᨹ | ᨺ | ᨻ | ᨼ | ᨽ | ᨾ | ᨿ |
U+1A4x | ᩀ | ᩁ | ᩂ | ᩃ | ᩄ | ᩅ | ᩆ | ᩇ | ᩈ | ᩉ | ᩊ | ᩋ | ᩌ | ᩍ | ᩎ | ᩏ |
U+1A5x | ᩐ | ᩑ | ᩒ | ᩓ | ᩔ | ᩕ | ᩖ | ᩗ | ᩘ | ᩙ | ᩚ | ᩛ | ᩜ | ᩝ | ᩞ | |
U+1A6x | ᩠ | ᩡ | ᩢ | ᩣ | ᩤ | ᩥ | ᩦ | ᩧ | ᩨ | ᩩ | ᩪ | ᩫ | ᩬ | ᩭ | ᩮ | ᩯ |
U+1A7x | ᩰ | ᩱ | ᩲ | ᩳ | ᩴ | ᩵ | ᩶ | ᩷ | ᩸ | ᩹ | ᩺ | ᩻ | ᩼ | ᩿ | ||
U+1A8x | ᪀ | ᪁ | ᪂ | ᪃ | ᪄ | ᪅ | ᪆ | ᪇ | ᪈ | ᪉ | ||||||
U+1A9x | ᪐ | ᪑ | ᪒ | ᪓ | ᪔ | ᪕ | ᪖ | ᪗ | ᪘ | ᪙ | ||||||
U+1AAx | ᪠ | ᪡ | ᪢ | ᪣ | ᪤ | ᪥ | ᪦ | ᪧ | ᪨ | ᪩ | ᪪ | ᪫ | ᪬ | ᪭ | ||
Notes |
Fonts
There are currently a few fonts that support this range.[4] Thai people are used to typing the Thai script by placing a front vowel before a consonant; this might cause incorrect input method for Tai Tham script because the consonant must be always typed before the associated vowel, regardless of the relative written position of the vowel, similar to typing the Khmer, Myanmar or Tamil script.
References
- ^ Natnapang Burutphakdee (October 2004). Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang [Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script] (M.A. Thesis). Presented at 4th National Symposium on Graduate Research, Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 10–11, 2004. Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person, adviser. Chiang Mai: Payap University. P. 7, digital image 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-14. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
The reason why they called this language ‘Kammuang’ is because they used this language in the towns where they lived together, which were surrounded by mountainous areas where there were many hill tribe people.
- ^ see examples of syllabic vowels in Ian James' rendition of Lanna, New Lanna at SkyKnowledge.com
- ^ a b In Tai Lue
- ^ Tai Tham fonts, Southeast Asian Unicode fonts for Windows computers, Alan Wood’s Unicode Resources
- Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2006-08-06). "Proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS" (pdf). Working Group Document. International Organization for Standardization.
- "Lanna alphabet (Tua Mueang)". Omniglot. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
- Khamjan, Mala(มาลา คำจันทร์). Kham Mueang Dictionary(พจนานุกรมคำเมือง). Chiang Mai: bookworm, 2008. ISBN 978-974-8418-55-1.
External links
- ISO/IEC 10646:2003/Amd.5:2008 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) -- Amendment 5: AMENDMENT 5: Tai Tham, Tai Viet, Avestan, Egyptian Hieroglyphs, CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C, and other characters
- Tai Tham Unicode Font
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