Rupert Murdoch | |
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![]() Murdoch at Les Misérables premiere in Sydney, on 21 December 2012
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Born | Keith Rupert Murdoch 11 March 1931 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
Nationality | Australian (1931–1985); American (from 1985) |
Citizenship | United States (naturalized 1985)[a] |
Education | Geelong Grammar School |
Alma mater | Worcester College, Oxford |
Occupation | Chairman and CEO of News Corporation (1979–2013) Executive chairman of News Corporation (2013–present) Chairman and CEO of 21st Century Fox (2013–2015) Executive co-chairman of 21st Century Fox (2015–present) |
Net worth | ![]() (March 2016)[1] |
Board member of | News Corp 21st Century Fox |
Religion | Christianity[2][3] |
Spouse(s) | Patricia Booker (m. 1956; div. 1967) Anna Torv (m. 1967; div. 1999) Wendi Deng (m. 1999; div. 2013)[4] Jerry Hall (m. 2016) |
Children | with Booker; Prudence Murdoch[5] with Torv; Elisabeth Murdoch[6] Lachlan Murdoch[6] James Murdoch[6][7] with Deng; Grace Murdoch[8] Chloe Murdoch[9] |
Parent(s) | Keith Murdoch (1885–1952) Elisabeth Joy (1909–2012) |
Relatives | Elizabeth Jagger[10] (stepdaughter) James Jagger[11] (stepson) Georgia Jagger[12] (stepdaughter) Gabriel Jagger[13] (stepson) |
Awards | Companion of the Order of Australia (1984)[14] |
Notes | |
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Keith Rupert Murdoch /ˈmɜːrdɒk/,[15] AC, KCSG (born 11 March 1931) is an Australian-born American media proprietor. Murdoch became Managing Director of Australia's News Limited, inherited from his father, Sir Keith Arthur Murdoch, in 1952.[7][16] Murdoch is the founder, Chairman, and CEO of Global Media Holding Company News Corporation, the world's second-largest media conglomerate, and its successors, News Corp and 21st Century Fox, after the conglomerate split on 28 June 2013.[17][18][19][20]
In the 1950s and 1960s, Murdoch acquired a number of newspapers in Australia and New Zealand, before expanding into the United Kingdom in 1969, taking over the News of the World, followed closely by The Sun. Murdoch moved to New York City in 1974, to expand into the U.S. market; however, he retained interests in Australia and in Britain. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, and became a naturalised U.S. citizen in 1985 to satisfy the legal requirement for U.S. television ownership.[16]
In 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, Murdoch consolidated his UK printing operations in Wapping, causing bitter industrial disputes. Murdoch's News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox (1985), HarperCollins (1989),[21] and The Wall Street Journal (2007). Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990, and during the 1990s expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000, Murdoch's News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries, with a net worth of over $5 billion.
In July 2011, Murdoch faced allegations that his companies, including the News of the World, owned by News Corporation, had been regularly hacking the phones of celebrities, royalty, and public citizens. Murdoch faces police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the U.S.[22][23] On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International.[24][25] On 1 July 2015, Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox.[26] Murdoch and his family own both 21st Century Fox and News Corp through the Murdoch Family Trust. [27][28]
Contents
- 1 Early life
- 2 Activities in Australia and New Zealand
- 3 Activities in the United Kingdom
- 4 News International phone hacking scandal
- 5 Activities in the United States
- 6 Activities in Europe
- 7 Activities in Asia
- 8 Personal life
- 9 Portrayal on television, in film, books and music
- 10 Influence, wealth and reputation
- 11 See also
- 12 Notes
- 13 References
- 14 External links
Early life
Murdoch was born Keith Rupert Murdoch on 11 March 1931 in Melbourne, Australia to Sir Keith Murdoch (1885–1952) and Elisabeth Joy Greene (later Dame Elisabeth Murdoch) (1909–2012), daughter of Rupert Greene. He is of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. Murdoch's parents were also born in Melbourne. Keith Murdoch was a war correspondent and later a regional newspaper magnate owning two newspapers in Adelaide, South Australia, and a radio station in a faraway mining town.[16] Later in life, Keith Rupert chose to use Rupert, the first name of his maternal grandfather.
Keith Murdoch the elder asked to meet with his future wife after seeing her debutante photograph in one of his own newspapers and they married in 1928, when she was aged 19 and he was 23 years older.[29] In addition to Rupert, the couple had three daughters: Janet Calvert-Jones, Anne Kantor and Helen Handbury (1929–2004). Murdoch attended Geelong Grammar School,[30] where he was co-editor of the school's official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived.[31][32] He took his school's cricket team to the National Junior Finals. He worked part-time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father to take over the family business.[7][16] Murdoch read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Worcester College, Oxford in England, where he supported the Labour Party,[7] stood for Secretary of the Labour Club[33] and managed Oxford Student Publications Limited, the publishing house of Cherwell.[34] After her husband's death from cancer in 1952, Elisabeth Murdoch did charity work, as life governor of the Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne and established the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute. At the age of 102 (in 2011), she had 74 descendants.[29] Murdoch completed an MA before working as a sub-editor with the Daily Express for two years.[16]
Activities in Australia and New Zealand
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20160422005510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/KeithMurdoch.jpg/170px-KeithMurdoch.jpg)
Following his father's death, when he was 21, Murdoch returned from Oxford to take charge of the family business News Limited, which had been established in 1923. Rupert Murdoch turned its newspaper, Adelaide News, its main asset, into a major success.[7] He began to direct his attention to acquisition and expansion, buying the troubled Sunday Times in Perth, Western Australia (1956) and over the next few years acquiring suburban and provincial newspapers in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and the Northern Territory, including the Sydney afternoon tabloid, The Daily Mirror (1960). The Economist describes Murdoch as "inventing the modern tabloid",[35] as he developed a pattern for his newspapers, increasing sports and scandal coverage and adopting eye-catching headlines.[16]
Murdoch's first foray outside Australia involved the purchase of a controlling interest in the New Zealand daily The Dominion. In January 1964, while touring New Zealand with friends in a rented Morris Minor after sailing across the Tasman, Murdoch read of a takeover bid for the Wellington paper by the British-based Canadian newspaper magnate, Lord Thomson of Fleet. On the spur of the moment, he launched a counter-bid. A four-way battle for control ensued in which the 32-year-old Murdoch was ultimately successful.[36] Later in 1964, Murdoch launched The Australian, Australia's first national daily newspaper, which was based first in Canberra and later in Sydney.[37] In 1972, Murdoch acquired the Sydney morning tabloid The Daily Telegraph from Australian media mogul Sir Frank Packer, who later regretted selling it to him.[38] In 1984, Murdoch was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for services to publishing.[39]
In 1999, Murdoch significantly expanded his music holdings in Australia by acquiring the controlling share in a leading Australian independent label, Michael Gudinski's Mushroom Records; he merged that with Festival Records, and the result was Festival Mushroom Records (FMR). Both Festival and FMR were managed by Murdoch's son James Murdoch for several years.[40]
Political activities in Australia
Murdoch found a political ally in Sir John McEwen, leader of the Australian Country Party (now known as the National Party of Australia), who was governing in coalition with the larger Menzies-Holt Liberal Party. From the very first issue of The Australian Murdoch began taking McEwen's side in every issue that divided the long-serving coalition partners. (The Australian, 15 July 1964, first edition, front page: "Strain in Cabinet, Liberal-CP row flares.") It was an issue that threatened to split the coalition government and open the way for the stronger Australian Labor Party to dominate Australian politics. It was the beginning of a long campaign that served McEwen well.[41]
After McEwen and Menzies retired, Murdoch threw his growing power behind the Australian Labor Party under the leadership of Gough Whitlam and duly saw it elected[42] on a social platform that included universal free health care, free education for all Australians to tertiary level, recognition of the People's Republic of China, and public ownership of Australia's oil, gas and mineral resources. Rupert Murdoch's backing of Whitlam turned out to be brief. Murdoch had already started his short-lived National Star[41] newspaper in America, and was seeking to strengthen his political contacts there.[43]
Asked about the Australian federal election, 2007 at News Corporation's annual general meeting in New York on 19 October 2007, its chairman Rupert Murdoch said, "I am not commenting on anything to do with Australian politics. I'm sorry. I always get into trouble when I do that." Pressed as to whether he believed Prime Minister John Howard should continue as prime minister, he said: "I have nothing further to say. I'm sorry. Read our editorials in the papers. It'll be the journalists who decide that – the editors."[44] In 2009, in response to accusations by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd that News Limited was running vendettas against him and his government, Murdoch opined that Rudd was "oversensitive".[45] Murdoch described Howard's successor, Labor Party Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, as "...more ambitious to lead the world [in tackling climate change] than to lead Australia..." and criticised Rudd's expansionary fiscal policies in the wake of the financial crisis of 2008 as unnecessary.[46] Although News Limited's interests are extensive, also including the Daily Telegraph, the Courier-Mail and the Adelaide Advertiser, it was suggested by the commentator Mungo MacCallum in The Monthly that "the anti-Rudd push, if coordinated at all, was almost certainly locally driven" as opposed to being directed by Murdoch, who also took a different position from local editors on such matters as climate change and stimulus packages to combat the financial crisis.[47]
Murdoch is a supporter of an Australian republic, having campaigned for one during the 1999 referendum.[48]
Activities in the United Kingdom
Business activities in the United Kingdom
In 1968 Murdoch entered the British newspaper market with his acquisition of the populist News of the World, followed in 1969 with the purchase of the struggling daily broadsheet The Sun from IPC.[49] Murdoch turned The Sun into a tabloid format and reduced costs by using the same printing press for both newspapers. On acquiring it, he appointed Albert 'Larry' Lamb as editor and – Lamb recalled later – told him: "I want a tearaway paper with lots of tits in it". In 1997 The Sun attracted 10 million daily readers.[16] In 1981, Murdoch acquired the struggling Times and Sunday Times from Canadian newspaper publisher Lord Thomson of Fleet.[49] Ownership of The Times came to him through his relationship with Lord Thomson, who had grown tired of losing money on it as a result of much industrial action that stopped publication.[50] In the light of success and expansion at The Sun the owners believed that Murdoch could turn the papers around. Harold Evans, Editor of the Sunday Times from 1967, was made head of the daily Times, though he stayed only a year amid editorial conflict with Murdoch.[51][52]
During the 1980s and early 1990s, Murdoch's publications were generally supportive of Britain's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.[53] At the end of the Thatcher/Major era, Murdoch switched his support to the Labour Party and its leader, Tony Blair. The closeness of his relationship with Blair and their secret meetings to discuss national policies was to become a political issue in Britain.[54] This later changed, with The Sun, in its English editions, publicly renouncing the ruling Labour government and lending its support to David Cameron's Conservative Party, which soon afterwards formed a coalition government. In Scotland, where the Tories had yet to recover from their complete annihilation in 1997, the paper began to endorse the Scottish National Party (though not yet its flagship policy of independence), which soon after came to form the first ever outright majority in the proportionally elected Scottish Parliament. Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown's official spokesman said in November 2009 that Brown and Murdoch "were in regular communication" and that "there is nothing unusual in the prime minister talking to Rupert Murdoch".[55]
In 1986, Murdoch introduced electronic production processes to his newspapers in Australia, Britain and the United States. The greater degree of automation led to significant reductions in the number of employees involved in the printing process. In England, the move roused the anger of the print unions, resulting in a long and often violent dispute that played out in Wapping, one of London's docklands areas, where Murdoch had installed the very latest electronic newspaper purpose-built publishing facility in an old warehouse.[56] The bitter dispute at Wapping started with the dismissal of 6,000 employees who had gone on strike and resulted in street battles and demonstrations. Many on the political left in Britain alleged the collusion of Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government with Murdoch in the Wapping affair, as a way of damaging the British trade union movement.[57][58][59] In 1987, the dismissed workers accepted a settlement of £60 million.[16]
Murdoch's British-based satellite network, Sky Television, incurred massive losses in its early years of operation. As with many of his other business interests, Sky was heavily subsidised by the profits generated by his other holdings, but convinced rival satellite operator British Satellite Broadcasting to accept a merger on his terms in 1990.[16] They were quick to see the advantages of direct to home (DTH) satellite broadcasting that did not require costly cable networks and the merged company, BSkyB, has dominated the British pay-TV market ever since.[60] By 1996, BSkyB had more than 3.6 million subscribers, triple the number of cable customers in the UK.[16] British financier Lord Jacob Rothschild, a close Murdoch friend since the 1960s, served as deputy chairman of Murdoch's BSkyB corporation from 2003–2007, and Murdoch jointly invested with Rothschild in a 5.5 percent stake in Genie Oil and Gas, which conducted shale gas and oil exploration in Israel.[61]
In response to print media's decline and the increasing influence of online journalism during the 2000s, Murdoch proclaimed his support of the micropayments model for obtaining revenue from on-line news,[62] although this has been criticised by some.[63]
News Corporation has subsidiaries in the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, the Channel Islands and the Virgin Islands. From 1986, News Corporation's annual tax bill averaged around seven percent of its profits.[64]
Political activities in United Kingdom
In Britain, in the 1980s, Murdoch formed a close alliance with Conservative prime minister Margaret Thatcher, and The Sun credited itself with helping her successor John Major to win an unexpected election victory in the 1992 general election, which had been expected to end in a hung parliament or a narrow win for Neil Kinnock's Labour.[65] In the general elections of 1997, 2001 and 2005, Murdoch's papers were either neutral or supported Labour under Tony Blair.[citation needed]
The Labour Party, from when Tony Blair became leader in 1994, had moved from the Left to a more central position on many economic issues prior to 1997. Murdoch identifies himself as a libertarian, saying "What does libertarian mean? As much individual responsibility as possible, as little government as possible, as few rules as possible. But I'm not saying it should be taken to the absolute limit."[66]
In a 2005 speech delivered in New York, Murdoch said that Blair described the BBC coverage of the Hurricane Katrina disaster as being full of hatred of America.[67]
In 1998, Murdoch made an attempt to buy the football club Manchester United F.C.,[68] with an offer of £625 million, but this failed. It was the largest amount ever offered for a sports club. It was blocked by the United Kingdom's Competition Commission, which stated that the acquisition would have "hurt competition in the broadcast industry and the quality of British football".
On 28 June 2006 the BBC reported that Murdoch and News Corporation were considering backing new Conservative leader David Cameron at the next General Election – still up to four years away.[69] In a later interview in July 2006, when he was asked what he thought of the Conservative leader, Murdoch replied "Not much".[70] In a 2009 blog, it was suggested that in the aftermath of the News of the World phone hacking scandal which is still ongoing in 2012 and might yet have Transatlantic implications[71] Murdoch and News Corporation might have decided to back Cameron.[72] Despite this, there had already been a convergence of interests between the two men over the muting of Britain's communications regulator Ofcom.[73]
In 2006, Britain's Independent newspaper reported that Murdoch would offer Tony Blair a senior role in his global media company News Corporation when the prime minister stood down from office.[74]
He is accused by former Solidarity MSP Tommy Sheridan of having a personal vendetta against him and of conspiring with MI5 to produce a video of him confessing to having affairs – allegations over which Sheridan had previously sued News International and won.[75] On being arrested for perjury following the case, Sheridan claimed that the charges were "orchestrated and influenced by the powerful reach of the Murdoch empire".[76]
In August 2008, British Conservative leader and future Prime Minister David Cameron accepted free flights to hold private talks and attend private parties with Murdoch on his yacht, the Rosehearty.[77] Cameron has declared in the Commons register of interests he accepted a private plane provided by Murdoch's son-in-law, public relations guru Matthew Freud; Cameron has not revealed his talks with Murdoch. The gift of travel in Freud's Gulfstream IV private jet was valued at around £30,000. Other guests attending the "social events" included the then EU trade commissioner Lord Mandelson, the Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska and co-chairman of NBC Universal Ben Silverman. The Conservatives have not disclosed what was discussed.[78]
In July 2011, it emerged that Cameron met key executives of Murdoch's News Corporation 26 times during the 14 months that Cameron had served as Prime Minister.[79] It was also reported that Murdoch had given Cameron a personal guarantee that there would be no risk attached to hiring Andy Coulson, the former editor of News of the World, as the Conservative Party's communication director in 2007.[80] This was in spite of Coulson having resigned as editor over phone hacking by a reporter. Cameron chose to take Murdoch's advice, despite warnings from Nick Clegg, Lord Ashdown and The Guardian.[81] Coulson resigned his post in 2011 and was later arrested and questioned on allegations of further criminal activity at The News of the World, specifically the News International phone hacking scandal. As a result of the subsequent trial, Coulson was sentenced to 18 months in jail.[82]
News International phone hacking scandal
In July 2011, Murdoch, along with his son James, provided testimony before a British parliamentary committee regarding phone hacking. In the U.K., his media empire remains under fire as investigators continue to probe reports of other phone hacking.[83]
On 14 July, the Culture, Media and Sport Committee of the House of Commons served a summons on Murdoch, his son James, and his former CEO Rebekah Brooks to testify before a committee on 19 July.[84] After an initial refusal, the Murdochs confirmed they would attend after the committee issued them a summons to Parliament.[85] The day before the committee, the website of the News Corporation publication The Sun was hacked, and a false story was posted on the front page claiming that Murdoch had died.[86] Murdoch described the day of the committee "the most humble day of my life". He argued that since he ran a global business of 53,000 employees and that the News of the World was "just 1%" of this, he was not ultimately responsible for what went on at the tabloid. He added that he had not considered resigning,[87] and that he and the other top executives had been completely unaware of the hacking.[88][89]
On 15 July, Murdoch attended a private meeting in London with the family of Milly Dowler, where he personally apologized for the hacking of their murdered daughter's voicemail by a company he owns.[90][91] On 16 and 17 July, News International published two full-page apologies in many of Britain's national newspapers. The first apology took the form of a letter, signed by Murdoch, in which he said sorry for the "serious wrongdoing" that occurred. The second was titled "Putting right what's gone wrong", and gave more detail about the steps News International was taking to address the public's concerns.[91] In the wake of the allegations Murdoch accepted the resignations of Rebekah Brooks, head of Murdoch's British operations, and Les Hinton, head of Dow Jones who was chairman of Murdoch's British newspaper division when some of the abuses happened. They both deny any knowledge of any wrongdoing under their command.[92]
On 27 February 2012, the following day after Murdoch's controversial release of the Sun on Sunday, Deputy Assistant Commissioner Sue Akers informed the Leveson Inquiry that police are investigating a "network of corrupt officials" as part of their inquiries into phone hacking and police corruption. She said that evidence suggested a "culture of illegal payments" at the Sun newspaper and that these payments allegedly made by the Sun were authorised at a senior level.[93]
In testimony on 25 April 2012, Murdoch did not deny the quote attributed to him by his former editor of The Sunday Times, Harold Evans: "I give instructions to my editors all round the world, why shouldn't I in London?"[94][95] On 1 May 2012, the Culture, Media and Sport Committee issued a report stating that Murdoch was "not a fit person to exercise the stewardship of a major international company".[96][97]
On 3 July 2013 Exaro and Channel 4 news broke the story of a secretly recorded tape. The tape was recorded by Sun journalists and in it Murdoch can be heard telling them that the whole investigation was one big fuss over nothing, and that he, or his successors, would take care of any journalists who went to prison.[98] He said: "Why are the police behaving in this way? It's the biggest inquiry ever, over next to nothing."[99]
Activities in the United States
Murdoch made his first acquisition in the United States in 1973, when he purchased the San Antonio Express-News. Soon afterwards, he founded Star, a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976, he purchased the New York Post.[16] On 4 September 1985, Murdoch became a naturalized citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only US citizens were permitted to own US television stations. This resulted in Murdoch losing his Australian citizenship.[100][101]
Marvin Davis sold Marc Rich's interest in 20th Century Fox to Murdoch for $250 million in March 1984. Davis later backed out of a deal with Murdoch to purchase John Kluge's Metromedia television stations.[102] Murdoch went alone and bought the stations, and later bought out Davis' remaining stake in Fox for $325 million.[102] The six television stations owned by Metromedia would form the nucleus of the Fox Broadcasting Company, founded on 9 October 1986, which would go on to have great success with programmes such as The Simpsons and The X-Files.[16]
In 1987 in Australia, he bought The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd, the company that his father had once managed. By 1990 News Corporation had built up debts of $7 billion (much from Sky TV in the UK).[16] forcing Murdoch to sell many of the American magazine interests he had acquired in the mid-1980s. In 1993, it took exclusive coverage of the National Football League (NFL) from CBS and increased programming to seven days a week.[103] In 1995, Murdoch's Fox Network became the object of scrutiny from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), when it was alleged that News Ltd.'s Australian base made Murdoch's ownership of Fox illegal. However, the FCC ruled in Murdoch's favour, stating that his ownership of Fox was in the best interests of the public. That same year, Murdoch announced a deal with MCI Communications to develop a major news website and magazine, The Weekly Standard. Also that year, News Corporation launched the Foxtel pay television network in Australia in partnership with Telstra. In 1996, Murdoch decided to enter the cable news market with the Fox News Channel, a 24-hour cable news station. Ratings studies released in 2009 showed that the network was responsible for nine of the top ten programs in the "Cable News" category at that time.[104] Rupert Murdoch and Ted Turner (founder and former owner of CNN) are long-standing rivals.[105] In late 2003, Murdoch acquired a 34 percent stake in Hughes Electronics, the operator of the largest American satellite TV system, DirecTV, from General Motors for $6 billion (USD).[39] His Fox movie studio would go on to have global hits with Titanic and Avatar.[106]
In 2004, Murdoch announced that he was moving News Corporation headquarters from Adelaide, Australia to the United States. Choosing a US domicile was designed to ensure that American fund managers could purchase shares in the company, since many were deciding not to buy shares in non-US companies.[citation needed]
On 20 July 2005, News Corporation bought Intermix Media Inc., which held Myspace, Imagine Games Network and other social networking-themed websites, for $580 million USD, making Murdoch a major player in online media concerns.[107] In June 2011, it sold off Myspace for US$35 million.[108] On 11 September 2005, News Corporation announced that it would buy IGN Entertainment for $650 million (USD).[109]
In May 2007, Murdoch made a $5 billion offer to purchase Dow Jones. At the time, the Bancroft family, who had owned the Dow Jones for 105 years and controlled 64% of the shares at the time, declined the offer. Later, the Bancroft family confirmed a willingness to consider a sale. Besides Murdoch, the Associated Press reported that supermarket magnate Ron Burkle and Internet entrepreneur Brad Greenspan were among the other interested parties.[110] In 2007, Murdoch acquired Dow Jones,[111][112] which gave him such publications as The Wall Street Journal, Barron's Magazine, the Far Eastern Economic Review (based in Hong Kong) and SmartMoney.[113]
In June 2014, Murdoch's 21st Century Fox made a bid for Time Warner at $85 per share in stock and cash ($80 billion total) which Time Warner's board of directors turned down in July. Warner's CNN unit would have been sold to ease antitrust issues of the purchase.[114] On 5 August 2014 the company announced it had withdrawn its offer for Time Warner, and said it would spend $6 billion buying back its own shares over the following 12 months.[115]
Political activities in the United States
McNight (2010) identifies four characteristics of his media operations: free market ideology; unified positions on matters of public policy; global editorial meetings; and opposition to a liberal bias in other public media.[116]
On 8 May 2006, the Financial Times reported that Murdoch would be hosting a fund-raiser for Senator Hillary Clinton's (D-New York) Senate re-election campaign.[117] In a 2008 interview with Walt Mossberg, Murdoch was asked whether he had "anything to do with the New York Post's endorsement of Barack Obama in the democratic primaries." Without hesitating, Murdoch replied, "Yeah. He is a rock star. It's fantastic. I love what he is saying about education. I don't think he will win Florida... but he will win in Ohio and the election. I am anxious to meet him. I want to see if he will walk the walk."[118][119] Murdoch is a strong supporter of Israel and its domestic policies.[120]
In 2010, News Corporation gave US$1 million to the Republican Governors Association and $1 million to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.[121][122][123] Murdoch also served on the board of directors of the libertarian Cato Institute.[124] He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.[125] Murdoch is also a supporter of the Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect Intellectual Property Act.[126]
Murdoch is a supporter of more open immigration policies in western nations generally.[127] In the United States, Murdoch and chief executives from several major corporations, including Hewlett-Packard, Boeing and Disney joined New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg to form the Partnership for a New American Economy to advocate "for immigration reform – including a path to legal status for all illegal aliens now in the United States."[128] The coalition, reflecting Murdoch and Bloomberg's own views, also advocates significant increases in legal immigration to the United States as a means of boosting America's sluggish economy and lowering unemployment. The Partnership's immigration policy prescriptions are notably similar to those of the Cato Institute and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce—both of which Murdoch has supported in the past.[129]
The Wall Street Journal editorial page has similarly advocated for increased legal immigration, in contrast to the staunch anti-immigration stance of Murdoch's British newspaper, The Sun.[130] On 5 September 2010, Murdoch testified before the House Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law Membership on the "Role of Immigration in Strengthening America's Economy." In his testimony, Murdoch called for ending mass deportations and endorsed a "comprehensive immigration reform" plan that would include a pathway to citizenship for all illegal immigrants.[128]
In the 2012 U.S. Presidential election, Murdoch was critical of the competence of Mitt Romney's team but was nonetheless strongly supportive of a Republican victory, tweeting: "Of course I want him [Romney] to win, save us from socialism, etc."[131]
In May 2013, Murdoch purchased the Moraga Estate, an estate, vineyard and winery in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California.[132][133]
In October 2015, Murdoch stirred controversy, tweeting, "Ben and Candy Carson terrific. What about a real black President who can properly address the racial divide? And much else." [134] After which he apologized, tweeting, "Apologies! No offence meant. Personally find both men charming." [135]
Activities in Europe
Murdoch owns controlling interest in Sky Italia, a satellite television provider in Italy.[136] Murdoch's business interests in Italy have been a source of contention since they began.[136] In 2010 Murdoch won a media dispute with then Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. A judge ruled the then Prime Minister's media arm Mediaset prevented News Corporation's Italian unit, Sky Italia, from buying advertisements on its television networks.[137]
Activities in Asia
In 1993, Murdoch acquired Star TV, a Hong Kong company founded by Richard Li[138] for $1 billion (Souchou, 2000:28), and subsequently set up offices for it throughout Asia. The deal enables News International to broadcast from Hong Kong to India, China, Japan and over thirty other countries in Asia, becoming one of the biggest satellite TV networks in the east.[16] However, the deal did not work out as Murdoch had planned, because the Chinese government placed restrictions on it that prevented it from reaching most of China.
Personal life
Marriages
In 1956 Murdoch married Patricia Booker, a former shop assistant and flight attendant from Melbourne and they had their only child, Prudence, in 1958.[139][140] They divorced in 1967.[6]
In 1967 Murdoch married Anna Maria Torv (Tõrv),[139] a Scottish-born cadet journalist working for his Sydney newspaper The Daily Telegraph.[6] During his marriage to Torv, a Roman Catholic, Murdoch was made a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great (KSG), a papal honour awarded by Pope John Paul II.[141] Torv and Murdoch had three children: Elisabeth Murdoch (born in Sydney, Australia on 22 August 1968), Lachlan Murdoch (born in London, UK on 8 September 1971), and James Murdoch, (born in London on 13 December 1972).[139][140] Murdoch's companies published two novels by his then wife: Family Business (1988) and Coming to Terms (1991), both widely regarded[142] as vanity publications. They divorced in June 1999. Anna Murdoch received a settlement of US$1.2 billion in assets.[143]
On 25 June 1999, 17 days after divorcing his second wife, Murdoch, then aged 68, married Chinese-born Wendi Deng.[144] She was 30, a recent Yale School of Management graduate, and a newly appointed vice-president of his STAR TV. Murdoch has two daughters with her; Grace (born 2001) and Chloe (born 2003). Murdoch has six children in all, and is grandfather to thirteen grandchildren.[145] On 13 June 2013, a News Corporation spokesperson confirmed that Murdoch filed for divorce from Deng in New York City, U.S.[146] According to the spokesman, the marriage had been irretrievably broken for more than six months.[147] Murdoch also ended his long-standing relationship with Tony Blair after suspecting him of having an affair with Deng while they were still married.[148]
On 11 January 2016, Murdoch announced his engagement to former model Jerry Hall in a notice in The Times newspaper.[149] On 4 March 2016, Murdoch, a week short of his 85th birthday, and 59-year-old Hall were married in London, at Spencer House; this is Murdoch's fourth marriage.[150][151]
Children
Murdoch has six children.[152] His eldest child, Prudence MacLeod, was appointed on 28 January 2011 to the board of Times Newspapers Ltd, part of News International, which publishes The Times and The Sunday Times.[153] Murdoch's eldest son Lachlan, formerly the deputy chief operating officer at the News Corporation and the publisher of the New York Post, was Murdoch's heir apparent before resigning from his executive posts at the global media company at the end of July 2005.[152] Lachlan's departure left James Murdoch chief executive of the satellite television service British Sky Broadcasting since November 2003, as the only Murdoch son still directly involved with the company's operations, though Lachlan has agreed to remain on the News Corporation's board.[154]
After graduating from Vassar College[155] and marrying classmate Elkin Kwesi Pianim (the son of Ghanaian financial and political mogul Kwame Pianim) in 1993,[155] Murdoch's daughter Elisabeth, along with her husband, purchased a pair of NBC-affiliate television stations in California, KSBW and KSBY, with a $35 million loan provided by her father. By quickly re-organising and re-selling them at a $12 million profit in 1995, Elisabeth emerged as an unexpected rival to her brothers for the eventual leadership of the publishing dynasty's empire. But after divorcing her first husband in 1998 and quarrelling publicly with her assigned mentor Sam Chisholm at BSkyB, she struck out on her own as a television and film producer in London. She has since enjoyed independent success, in conjunction with her second husband, Matthew Freud, the great-grandson of Sigmund Freud (the founder of psychoanalysis) whom she met in 1997 and married in 2001.[155]
It is not known how long Murdoch will remain as News Corporation's CEO. For a while the American cable television entrepreneur John Malone was the second-largest voting shareholder in News Corporation after Murdoch himself, potentially undermining the family's control. In 2007, the company announced that it would sell certain assets and give cash to Malone's company in exchange for its stock. In 2007, the company issued Murdoch's older children voting stock.[citation needed]
Murdoch has two children with Wendi Deng: Grace (b. New York, 19 November 2001)[7] and Chloe (b. New York, 17 July 2003).[6][140] It was revealed in September 2011 that Tony Blair is Grace's godfather.[156] There is reported to be tension between Murdoch and his oldest children over the terms of a trust holding the family's 28.5 percent stake in News Corporation, estimated in 2005 to be worth about $6.1 billion. Under the trust, his children by Wendi Deng share in the proceeds of the stock but have no voting privileges or control of the stock. Voting rights in the stock are divided 50/50 between Murdoch on the one side and his children of his first two marriages. Murdoch's voting privileges are not transferable but will expire upon his death and the stock will then be controlled solely by his children from the prior marriages, although their half-siblings will continue to derive their share of income from it. It is Murdoch's stated desire to have his children by Deng given a measure of control over the stock proportional to their financial interest in it (which would mean, if Murdoch dies while at least one of the children is a minor, that Deng would exercise that control). It does not appear that he has any strong legal grounds to contest the present arrangement, and both ex-wife Anna and their three children are said to be strongly resistant to any such change.[157]
Portrayal on television, in film, books and music
Murdoch and rival newspaper and publishing magnate Robert Maxwell are thinly fictionalised as "Keith Townsend" and "Richard Armstrong" in The Fourth Estate by British novelist and former MP Jeffrey Archer.[158]
Murdoch has been portrayed by:
- Barry Humphries in the 1991 mini-series Selling Hitler
- Hugh Laurie in a parody of It's a Wonderful Life in the television show A Bit of Fry & Laurie
- Ben Mendelsohn in the film Black and White[159]
- Paul Elder in The Late Shift
- Himself on The Simpsons, first in "Sunday, Cruddy Sunday" and later in "Judge Me Tender"
- Patrick Brammall in the 2-part mini-series Power Games[160]
- Kevin Phelan in SQUINT theatre company's "Long Story Short" (The Pleasance, Islington, 2014)
It has been speculated that the character of Elliot Carver, the global media magnate and main villain in the 1997 James Bond movie Tomorrow Never Dies, is based on Murdoch. The writer of the film, Bruce Feirstein, has stated that Carver was actually inspired by British press magnate Robert Maxwell, who was one of Murdoch's rivals.[161]
In the 1997 film Fierce Creatures, the head of Octopus Inc.'s Rod McCain (initials R.M.) character is likely modelled after Murdoch.[162]
In 1999, the Ted Turner owned TBS channel aired an original sitcom, The Chimp Channel. This featured an all-simian cast and the role of an Australian TV veteran named Harry Waller. The character is described as "a self-made gazillionaire with business interests in all sorts of fields. He owns newspapers, hotel chains, sports franchises and genetic technologies, as well as everyone's favourite cable TV channel, The Chimp Channel." Waller is thought to be a parody of Murdoch, a long-time rival of Turner.[163]
In 2004, the movie Outfoxed included many interviews accusing Fox News of pressuring reporters to report only one side of news stories, in order to influence viewers' political opinions.[164]
In 2012, the satirical show Hacks, broadcast on UK-based Channel 4, made obvious comparisons with Murdoch using the fictional character "Stanhope Feast", portrayed by Michael Kitchen, as well as other central figures in the phone hacking scandal.[165]
Influence, wealth and reputation
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20160422005510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rupert_Murdoch_2015.png/220px-Rupert_Murdoch_2015.png)
According to Forbes 2013 list of richest Americans, Murdoch is the 33rd richest person in the US and the 91st richest person in the world, with a net worth of US$12.4 billion.[1] In 2014, Forbes ranked "Rupert Murdoch & Family" as the 33rd most powerful person in the world.[166]
In 2003 Murdoch bought "Rosehearty", an 11 bedroom home on a 5-acre waterfront estate in Centre Island, New York.[167]
In August 2013, Terry Flew, Professor of Media and Communications at Queensland University of Technology, wrote an article for the Conversation publication in which he verified a claim by former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd that Murdoch owned 70% of Australian newspapers in 2011. Flew's article showed that News Corp Australia owned 23% of the nation's newspapers in 2011, according to the Finkelstein Review of Media and Media Regulation, but, at the time of the article, the corporation's titles accounted for 59% of the sales of all daily newspapers, with weekly sales of 17.3 million copies.[168]
In connection with Murdoch's testimony to the Leveson Inquiry "into the ethics of the British press", editor of Newsweek International, Tunku Varadarajan, referred to him as "the man whose name is synonymous with unethical newspapers".[169]
News Corp papers were accused of supporting the campaign of the Australian Liberal government and influencing public opinion during the 2013 federal election. Following the announcement of the Liberal Party victory at the polls, Murdoch tweeted "Aust. election public sick of public sector workers and phony welfare scroungers sucking life out of economy. Other nations to follow in time."[170]
In November 2015, former Australian prime minister Tony Abbott said that Murdoch "arguably has had more impact on the wider world than any other living Australian."[171]
See also
- List of assets owned by 21st Century Fox
- List of assets owned by News Corp
- Metropolitan police role in phone hacking scandal
- Murdoch family
- News International phone hacking scandal
- Phone hacking scandal reference lists
Notes
- ^ a b "Rupert Murdoch profile". Forbes. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch". NNDB. 12 July 2004. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
Asked if there is any truth to recent press describing his newfound piety, Murdoch replies: "No. They say I'm a born again Christian and a Catholic convert and so on. I'm certainly a practising Christian, I go to church quite a bit but not every Sunday and I tend to go to Catholic church—because my wife is Catholic, I have not formally converted. And I get increasingly disenchanted with the C of E or Episcopalians as they call themselves here. But no, I'm not intensely religious as I'm sometimes described." Interviewed in 1992. Nicholas Coleridge, Paper Tigers (1993), p. 487.
- ^ "The Dirty Digger's religious odyssey". Catholic Herald. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch files for divorce from Wendi Deng". BBC News. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/rupert-murdoch-his-family-552167
- ^ a b c d e f "Rupert Murdoch and His Family". International Business Times. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Walker, Andrew (31 July 2002). "Rupert Murdoch: Bigger than Kane". BBC. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
- ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/rupert-murdoch-his-family-552167
- ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/rupert-murdoch-his-family-552167
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3491329/Jerry-Hall-tweets-family-photo-new-husband-Rupert-Murdoch.html
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3491329/Jerry-Hall-tweets-family-photo-new-husband-Rupert-Murdoch.html
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3491329/Jerry-Hall-tweets-family-photo-new-husband-Rupert-Murdoch.html
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3491329/Jerry-Hall-tweets-family-photo-new-husband-Rupert-Murdoch.html
- ^ "Honours". Government of Australia. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
AC AD84. For service to the media, particularly the newspaper publishing industry
- ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, p. 526, ISBN 9781405881180
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The encyclopedia of the history of American management (2005) Morgen Witzel Continuum International Publishing Group p393 ISBN 978-1-84371-131-5
- ^ "Fortune". CNN. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ "PowerPoint Presentation" (PDF). Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ^ Siklos, Richard (9 February 2009). "Why Disney wants DreamWorks". CNN. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ "News Corporation – Annual Report 2007". Newscorp. 30 June 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch faces authors' revolt". BBC. 1 March 1998. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ "Phone hacking: David Cameron announces terms of phone-hacking inquiry". The Telegraph (London). 13 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ Ed Pilkington in New York, Andrew Gumbel and agencies (14 July 2011). "FBI to investigate News Corporation over 9/11 hacking allegations". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch resigns as News International director". BBC News (London). 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ Burns, John F.; Somaiya, Ravi (23 July 2012). "Murdoch Resigns From His British Papers' Boards". The New York Times.
- ^ Yu, Roger (16 June 2015). "Rupert Murdoch to leave 21st Century Fox CEO post on July 1". USA Today. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch To Step Down As Fox CEO As Sons James And Lachlan Consolidate Control". Forbes. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ^ Cuozzo, Steve (15 January 2016). "Fox, News Corp. to keep HQs in Midtown". New York Post. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ a b Barnett, Laura (20 July 2011). "If only Rupert Murdoch would listen to his mother". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Sue Vander Hook (2011). Rupert Murdoch: News Corporation Magnate. ABDO. pp. 19. ISBN 978-1-61714-782-1.
- ^ "Staff". The Corian. LXXIV (1): 6. May 1948.
- ^ "Staff". The Corian. LXXVII (1): 23. May 1950.
- ^ Kynaston, David (2009). Family Britain 1951-7. London: Bloomsbury. p. 102. ISBN 9780747583851.
- ^ "Oxford Today, Oxford University alumni magazine" (PDF). Oxford Today (Oxford). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- ^ "Last of the moguls". The Economist. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Profile: Rupert Murdoch". The Scotsman. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Ricketson, Matthew (28 January 2009). "Welcome antidote to News' limited and self-serving spin". The Age (Melbourne).
- ^ Dr Engledow, Sarah (December 2006 – February 2007). "Vintage Cassab". Magazine of Australian and International Portraiture. National Portrait Gallery, Australia. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ a b Rupert Murdoch: News Corporation Magnate (2011) Sue Vander Hook. ABDO Publishing ISBN 1-61714-782-6 p88
- ^ "A long way to the bottom". Sydney Morning Herald. 9 November 2005. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ a b Don Garden, Theodor Fink: A Talent for Ubiquity (Melbourne University Press 1998)
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- ^ Shawcross, (1987) pp. 30–39
- ^ Michael Roland, Murdoch tight-lipped on election, ABC News Online, published 20 October 2007
- ^ "Rudd too sensitive for own good: Murdoch". The Australian. 7 November 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ "Rudd too sensitive to criticism: Murdoch". Brisbane Times. 7 November 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Mungo MacCallum (September 2009). "Comment: Rudd and the Murdoch Press". The Monthly. pp. 8–11. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ Sydney, Duncan Campbell in. "Murdoch appeals to Australians' pride". the Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-20.
- ^ a b Tryhorn, Chris (18 July 2007). "Rupert Murdoch – a lifetime of deals". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Harold Evans, Good Times, Bad Times, 1983
- ^ "Journalist legend calls it a day". BBC News. 22 October 1999. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "[Murdoch] guaranteed that editors would have control of the political policy of their newspapers ... that the editors would not be subject to instruction from the proprietor on selection and balance of news and opinion ... that instructions to journalists would be given only by their editor". Harold Evans Good Times, Bad Times. 1984
- ^ Page (2003) p. 3, pp. 253–419
- ^ Hinsliff, Gaby (23 July 2006). "The PM, the mogul and the secret agenda". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Mulholland, Hélène (12 November 2009). "Gordon Brown spoke to Rupert Murdoch after misspelling row". The Guardian (London).
- ^ Page (2003), pp. 368–93
- ^ Timms, Dominic (12 October 2004). "Fortress Wapping: A history". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Rt. Hon. Tony Benn cited in Hansard, 8 May 1986. 'The mounted police advanced out of the plant exactly as the tactical options manual says that they should. They ran into the crowd. They were covered by riot police who did several things. First they ran indiscriminately into the crowd and battered people who had had nothing whatsoever to do with any stones that might have been thrown... They surrounded the bus that was acting as an ambulance. One man had a heart attack and I appealed over the loudspeaker for the police to withdraw to allow an ambulance to come. None was allowed for 30 minutes. When the man was put on a trestle a police horse jostled it and the man nearly fell off as he was carried out to the ambulance. The police surrounded the park where the meeting took place. They surrounded the area so that people could not escape.'
- ^ "Murdoch protests come full circle 25 years on". UK. Reuters. 8 July 2011.
- ^ "Submission to the ITC on competition issues arising from the award of digital terrestrial television multiplex licences". UK: OFTEL.
The OFT has already found BSkyB to be dominant in the wholesale market for premium programming content (particularly certain sports and movie rights). BSkyB also currently controls the satellite network for direct to the home (DTH) pay television in the UK. Given its control of premium programming content, it also controls a vital input into the cable companies transmission and programme activities
- ^ "Business and Financial Leaders Lord Rothschild and Rupert Murdoch Invest in Genie Oil & Gas". IDT Corporation. 15 November 2010.
- ^ Clark, Andrew (7 May 2009). "News Corp will charge for newspaper websites, says Rupert Murdoch". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Shirky, Clay (13 March 2009). "Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable". Shirky.com. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Chenoweth (2001) pp. 300–303, 87–90, 177
- ^ Douglas, Torin (14 September 2004). "Forty years of The Sun". BBC News. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Shawcross, William (3 November 1999). "Rupert Murdoch". Time. Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ "Blair 'attacked BBC over Katrina'". BBC News. 18 September 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ Thal Larsen, Peter; Andrew Grice (10 April 1999). "Murdoch's Man Utd bid blocked". The Independent (London).
- ^ "Murdoch flirts with Conservatives". BBC News. 28 June 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Wapshott, Nicholas (23 July 2006). "The world according to Rupert". The Independent (London). Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch: Could his US empire be affected?". BBC News. 12 July 2011
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch to back David Cameron at next general election". The Daily Telegraph (London). 10 July 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Kirwan, Peter (6 July 2009). "Paying tribute to Murdoch: Cameron promises the end of Ofcom "as we know it"". Media Money. UK: Press Gazette. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Grice, Andrew (29 July 2006). "Murdoch set to back Blair – for a place in his boardroom". The Independent (London). Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ "Sheridan claims to be 'victim of MI5 plot'". The Scotsman (UK). Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Sengupta, Kim (17 December 2007). "Tommy Sheridan charged with perjury". The Independent (London). Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Grice, Andrew (24 October 2008). "Cameron, Murdoch and a Greek island freebie". The Independent (London). Retrieved 25 October 2008.
- ^ Hencke, David (25 October 2008). "Tories try to play down Aegean dinner". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 25 October 2008.
- ^ "Records Show Britain's Cameron Kept Close Ties to Murdoch Officials". VOA News. 16 July 2011.
- ^ Merrick, Jane; Hanning, James; Chorley, Matt; Brady, Brian (10 July 2011). "The Battle of Wapping, Mk II – Press, Media". The Independent (UK). Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ Toby Helm and Daniel Boffey (9 July 2011). "Phone hacking: I warned No 10 over Coulson appointment, says Ashdown". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "Andy Coulson jailed for 18 months over phone hacking". BBC News. 4 July 2014.
- ^ "CC Murdoch pie thrower reportedly blogging from prison". CNN. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Fortado, Lindsay; Penny, Thomas (13 July 2011). "News Corp.'s Murdoch Faces Six U.K. Inquiries as Parliament Seeks Hearing". Bloomberg. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ "Phone hacking: Murdochs agree to appear before MPs". BBC. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Rovzar, Chris (18 July 2011). "Website of Murdoch's Sun Hacked". New York Magazine (New York City). New York Media Holdings. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ "Phone hacking: 'Humbled' Murdoch rejects blame". BBC News. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Murdochs, Brooks, Police testify in phone-hacking scandal". CNN. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ Lyall, Sarah (19 July 2011). "Murdochs Say Top Executives Didn't Know of Phone Hacking". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch 'sorry' in newspaper adverts". BBC News. 16 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ a b Lisa O' Carroll (16 July 2011). "Rupert Murdoch's public acts of contrition". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "Wall Street Journal publisher resigns". Herald Tribune. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "Leveson Inquiry: Evidence suggests 'network of corrupt officials'". BBC News. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ^ Helen Pidd (26 April 2012). "Just what hasn't Rupert Murdoch read?". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "Transcript of Morning Hearing 25 April 2012". The Leveson Inquiry. p. 33. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
Robert Jay QC: This is 4 March 1983. You apparently said this: "I give instruction to my editors all round the world, why shouldn't I in London?" Do you remember saying that?
Murdoch: No, I don't. - ^ Wintour, Patrick; Sabbagh, Dan; Halliday, Josh (1 May 2012). "Phone-hacking: MPs clash over when Murdoch criticisms were discussed". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch 'not a fit person' to lead News Corp – MPs". BBC News. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
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- ^ Given, Jock (December 2002). "Foreign Ownership of Media and Telecommunications: an Australian story" (PDF). Media & Arts Law Review 7 (4): 253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2014.
- ^ "The World's Billionaires No.73 Rupert Murdoch". Forbes. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ a b Michael Wolff (5 May 2010). The Man Who Owns the News: Inside the Secret World of Rupert Murdoch. Random House. pp. 167–. ISBN 978-1-4090-8679-6. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
- ^ Rupert Murdoch: News Corporation Magnate (2011) Sue Vander Hook. ABDO Publishing ISBN 1-61714-782-6 pp78-9
- ^ "Fox News Claims 9 Of Top 10 Cable News Programs In Q1" 1 April 2009 Huffington Post
- ^ "Turner: Murdoch is a 'warmonger'". The Guardian (London). 25 April 2003. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Rupert Murdoch: News Corporation Magnate (2011) Sue Vander Hook. ABDO Publishing ISBN 1-61714-782-6 p93
- ^ "News Corp in $580m internet buy". BBC News. 19 July 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ Fixmer, Andy, "News Corp. Calls Quits on Myspace With Specific Media Sale", Business Week, 29 June 2011
- ^ "News Corp. Acquires IGN for $650 Million". BusinessWeek. 11 September 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ "Burkle, Web Exec Might Team on Dow" USA Today
- ^ Litterick, David (1 August 2007). "Report of acquisition". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Day to Day. "Marketplace Report: Murdoch's Big Buy". NPR. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Rupert Murdoch: News Corporation Magnate (2011) Sue Vander Hook. ABDO Publishing ISBN 1-61714-782-6 p92
- ^ SORKIN, ANDREW ROSS; DE LA MERCED, MICHAEL J. (16 July 2014). "Rupert Murdoch Is Rebuffed in Offer for Time Warner". New York Times. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
- ^ "Murdoch withdraws bid to acquire Time Warner". Reuters. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ^ McKnight, David (Sep 2010). "'Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television" 30 (3). Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation: 303–16
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- ^ Rosen, Hilary (5 June 2008). "Rupert Murdoch Says Obama Will Win". Huffington Post (USA). Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ 11 December 2007 "The Murdochs and the Middle East" The Spectator. Archived 14 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim (1 October 2010). "News Corp. Donates $1 million to U.S. Chamber of Commerce". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
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- ^ "Murdoch says Kasich friendship influenced $1 million donation". Yahoo! News. 7 October 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
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- ^ Kuperinsky, Amy (20 January 2012). "Trending: SOPA, PIPA, Obama, Etta and stuff girls say-a". NJ.com. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- ^ Adegoke, Yinka (17 November 2011). "Murdoch backs progressive U.S. immigration policy". Blogs.reuters.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Rupert Murdoch, Michael Bloomberg Push For Immigration Reform". Huffington Post. 30 September 2010.
- ^ "New Study Seconds Cato Finding: Immigration Reform Good for Economy". Cato-at-liberty.org. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "MPs: Act now on immigration". The Sun (London).
- ^ Little, Morgan (2 July 2012). "Rupert Murdoch wants Romney to win despite criticisms". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ Meg James, Rupert Murdoch buys Moraga Vineyards estate in Bel Air, The Los Angeles Times, 10 May 2013
- ^ Will Colvin, Rupert Murdoch Has Just Bought A Vineyard, Business Insider Australia, 11 May 2013
- ^ "U.S. Could Use a 'Real Black President,' Murdoch Says". NBC News. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch sorry for 'real black president' tweet - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
- ^ a b Matlack, Carol (4 February 2010). "Berlusconi vs. Murdoch: Porn as a Pawn". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "Business". BBC News (UK)[dead link]
- ^ Shenon, Philip (23 August 1993). "Star TV Extends Murdoch's Reach". The New York Times
- ^ a b c "How safe is the Murdoch empire?". The Irish Examiner. 9 July 2011
- ^ a b c "So where does Rupert Murdoch go from here?". The Independent (London). 31 July 2005.
- ^ "Pope Honors Rupert Murdoch, Roy Disney, Bob Hope". latimes. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ^ "Murdoch's companies published two novels by his then wife: Family Business (1988) and Coming to Terms (1991); both are widely regarded as vanity publications". WN.com. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "The Boy Who Wouldn't Be King". New York Magazine. 19 September 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Hofmeister, Sallie (30 July 2005). "Murdoch's Heir Apparent Abruptly Resigns His Post". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "The Most Powerful Grandparents in the U.S.". grandparents.com. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ^ Jon Swaine (13 June 2013). "Rupert Murdoch files for divorce from wife Wendi Deng". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ Liana B. Baker (13 June 2013). "News Corp's Rupert Murdoch files for divorce from wife Wendi". Reuters. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ Life after power: The loneliness of Tony Blair, economist.com.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch and Jerry Hall announce engagement". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch marries Jerry Hall in London". London: AFP. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
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- ^ a b Tweedie, Neil; Holehouse, Matthew (16 July 2011). "Phone hacking: Rupert Murdoch's media empire explodes". Daily Telegraph (London).
- ^ Greenslade, Roy (2 March 2011). "Another Murdoch joins the Time.". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ "The sadness of Rupert Murdoch". The Economist. 4 August 2005
- ^ a b c Harris, John (13 November 2008). "Inside the court of London's golden couple". The Guardian. UK
- ^ Singh, Anita (4 September 2011). "Tony Blair is godfather to Rupert Murdoch's daughter". The Telegraph (London).
- ^ "Wife and Ex-Wife Now Shape News Corp.'s Fate". The New York Times. 2 August 2005
- ^ Barnacle, Hugo (11 May 1996). "Maxwell vs Murdoch – the untold story". The Independent (London).
- ^ Black and White at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Power Games at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Feirstein, Bruce (29 January 2008). "Bruce Feirstein: The Tao of Bond-Film Naming". Vanity Fair.
- ^ Mathews, Jack (24 January 1997). "Los Angeles Times". Retrieved 2 August 2011
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- ^ Memmott, Mark (12 July 2004). "Another film joins the political debate today when Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism is unveiled in New York". USA Today. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
'Outfoxed' accuses Fox of slanting the news. Outfoxed, which is being promoted by the liberal advocacy group MoveOn, charges that Fox News executives order their cable TV anchors, reporters and producers to slant the news to be pro-Republican and pro-Bush administration
- ^ "Hacks". Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "The World's Most Powerful People". Forbes. 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "Rupert Murdoch lowers price of Centre Island home" Newsday. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ Terry Flew (8 August 2013). "FactCheck: does Murdoch own 70% of newspapers in Australia?". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Varadarajan, Tunku (30 April 2012). "Nationalization and Necrophilia. Till death do us part. Chronicle of a Death". Newsweek.
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References
- Chenoweth, Neil (2001). Rupert Murdoch, the untold story of the world's greatest media wizard. New York: Random House.
- Dover, Bruce. Rupert's Adventures in China: How Murdoch Lost A Fortune And Found A Wife (Mainstream Publishing).
- Ellison, Sarah. War at the Wall Street Journal: Inside the Struggle To Control an American Business Empire, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. ISBN 978-0-547-15243-1 (Also published as: War at The Wall Street Journal: How Rupert Murdoch Bought an American Icon, Melbourne, Text Publishing, 2010.)
- Evans, Harold. Good Times, Bad Times, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983
- Harcourt, Alison (2006). European Union Institutions and the Regulation of Media Markets. London, New York: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6644-1.
- McKnight, David. "Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation: A Media Institution with A Mission", Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Sept 2010, Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp 303–316
- Page, Bruce (2003). The Murdoch Archipelago. Simon and Schuster UK.
- Shawcross, William (1997). Murdoch: the making of a media empire. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Souchou, Yao (2000). House of Glass – Culture, Modernity, and the State in Southeast Asia. Bangkok: White Lotus.
External links
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Rupert Murdoch at the Internet Movie Database
- Rupert Murdoch collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Rupert Murdoch collected news and commentary at Bloomberg News
- Rupert Murdoch collected news and commentary at The Economist
- Rupert Murdoch collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Rupert Murdoch collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Rupert Murdoch collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Works by or about Rupert Murdoch in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Profile at Forbes
- Murdoch, Rupert (1931–) resources from Trove at the National Library of Australia
- Bill Moyers on Rupert Murdoch, 29 June 2007
- Arsenault, A & Castells, M. (2008) Rupert Murdoch and the Global Business of Media Politics. International Sociology. 23(4)
- Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. Gives Big To GOP – audio report by NPR
- Review of Bruce Page's "The Murdoch Archipelago", by Godfrey Hodgson. New Statesman
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