Close-mid front unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
e | |
IPA number | 302 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | e |
Unicode (hex) | U+0065 |
X-SAMPA | e |
Kirshenbaum | e |
Braille | ![]() |
Sound | |
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The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of this article follows this preference. However, a large number of linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".[citation needed]
Features
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
IPA help • IPA key • chart • ![]() |
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabic | Egyptian | ليه | [leː] | 'why' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology |
Gulf | ليش | [leːʃ] | See Arabic phonology | ||
Levantine | |||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | heː | [heː] | 'yes' | Prominent in the Urmia, Nochiya and Jilu dialects. Can be closer to [i] for some speakers. Lowered to [e̞] in other varieties. | |
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[1] | [example needed] | |||
Catalan[2] | séc | [s̠ek] | 'fold' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Cantonese | 鼻 bei6 | [pei˨˨] | 'nose' | See Cantonese phonology |
Mandarin | 飛 fēi | [feɪ̯˥] | 'to fly' | See Standard Chinese phonology | |
Wu | 隑 ge | [ɡe˩˧] | 'lean' | ||
Danish | Standard[3][4][5][6][7] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 'heel' | Also described as open-mid ⟨ɛ⟩[8] - the way it is most often transcribed. It is mid [e̞] in the conservative variety.[9] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Belgian[10] | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology |
Northeastern | |||||
Standard Netherlandic |
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English | Australian[11] | bed | [bed] | 'bed' | See Australian English phonology |
New Zealand | Can be closer to [ɪ] for some speakers. | ||||
South African | Can also be lower [ɛ], or higher [e̝~ɪ̞], depending on the dialect. | ||||
North American | play | [pl̥e(ː)] | 'play' | Some dialects. Many speakers have a diphthong of the type [eɪ] instead. | |
Irish | |||||
General Indian[12] | |||||
General Pakistani[13] | Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker. | ||||
Scottish[14] | |||||
Singaporean[15] | |||||
Tyneside[16] | |||||
Ulster[17] | Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast. | ||||
Cardiff[18] | kit | [ke̠t] | 'kit' | Near-front;[18] corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects. | |
Faroese | eg | [eː] | 'I' | ||
French[19] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 'beauty' | See French phonology | |
Galician | tres | [t̪ɾes] | 'three' | ||
Georgian[20] | მეფჱ | [mɛpʰej] | 'king' | ||
German | Standard[21] | Seele | ![]() |
'soul' | See German phonology |
Hindustani | दे / دے | [d̪eː] | 'give!' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Icelandic[22][23][24] | vinur | [ˈveːnөr] | 'friend' | Most often transcribed /ɪ/. See Icelandic phonology | |
Italian[25] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 'stars' | See Italian phonology | |
Korean | 베다 beda | [ˈpeːda] | 'to cut' | See Korean phonology | |
Luxembourgish[26] | drécken | [ˈdʀekən] | 'to push' | Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [ɛ]. | |
Malay | bebek | [bebeʔ] | 'duck' | See Malay phonology | |
North Frisian | ween | [ʋeːn] | 'blue' | ||
Norwegian | Standard Eastern[27] | le | [l̪eː] | 'laugh' | Often diphthongized to [eə̯]. See Norwegian phonology |
Polish[28] | dzień | ![]() |
'day' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese[29] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 'table' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | ਸੇਬ | [seːb] | 'apple' | ||
Romanian | Muntenian dialects[30] | vezi | [vezi][stress?] | 'eyelash' | Mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian[31] | шея | ![]() |
'neck' | Occurs only before soft consonants. See Russian phonology | |
Swedish | se | ![]() |
'see' | See Swedish phonology | |
Vietnamese | tê | [te] | 'numb' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian | skeel | [skeːɫ] | 'cross-eyed' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[32] | [example needed] | — | — | Occurs mostly after [i], otherwise the vowel is central [ɘ]. |
See also
References
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ^ Grønnum (2003)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ Wells (1982:626)
- ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1010)
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Deterding (2000:?)
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003:268–269)
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ a b Coupland (1990:93)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Árnason (2011:60)
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Haugen (1958:65)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Jassem (2003:106)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:44)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109–10)
Bibliography
- Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2000), Danish: An Essential Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, p. 93, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling, The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity; Evans, Zoe (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
- Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W., A handbook of varieties of English 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 2: 289–333, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
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