^/ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Afrikaans and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when /k/ is voiced, like in sakdoek[ˈsɐɡduk]. It also occurs as an allophone of /χ/.
^In some words (such as vanaand), the unstressed allophone of /ə/ is written 〈a〉 (Donaldson (1993:4, 6)).
^ abcAs phonemes, /iː/ and /uː/ occur only in the words spieël and koeël, respectively. In other cases, [iː] and [uː] occur as allophones of, respectively, /i/ and /u/ before /r/. /y/ is also lengthened to [yː] before /r/ (Donaldson (1993:4–6)).
Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jaques, Explorations in Dependency Phonology, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131, ISBN 9067652970