The term "great power" has only been used in historiography and political science since the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[1] Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context in 1814 in reference to the Treaty of Chaumont. Use of the term in the historiography of the Middle Ages is therefore idiosyncratic to each author. In historiography of the pre-modern period, it is more typical to talk of empires.
Eckhardt (1992)
William Eckhardt, Civilizations, Empires, and Wars: A Quantitative History of War (McFarland, 1992), p. 113,[2] provides the following chronological list of medieval great powers:
- China (throughout)
- Persia (Sasanians, 500–600; Samanids, 900–950; Timurids, 1400–1450)
- Byzantine Empire (500–1050)
- Göktürk Khaganate (550–600)
- Tibetan Empire (650–1250)
- The Caliphate (650–850)
- Turks (Onoq, 650; Seljuks, 1050–1100; Ottomans, 1450–1500)
- Pratihara Empire (850)
- Khazar Khaganate (850–900)
- Kievan Rus' (900–1050)
- Buyid Dynasty (950)
- Fatimid Caliphate (950–1050)
- Liao Dynasty (950–1150)
- Ghaznavid Dynasty (1050)
- Almohad Caliphate (1150–1250)
- Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (1250–1450)
- Mongol Empire (1250–1450)
- Khmer Empire (1250)
- Mali Empire (1300, 1450)
- Chagatai Khanate (1350)
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1450)
- Incan Empire (1500)
- Grand Duchy of Moscow (1500)
See also
References
- ^ Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1930. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1-58477-077-5.
- ^ "Medieval Great Powers included China throughout, Persia (500-600, 900-50, 1400-50), Byzantium (500-1050), Tu Chueh (550-600), Tibet (650- 1250), Muslim (650-850), Turkey (650, 1050-1100, 1450-1500), Prati (850), Khazar (850-900), Kiev (900-1050), Bujid (950), Fatimid (950-1050), Liao (950-1150), Ghaznavid (1050), Al-mohad (1150-1250), Egypt (1250-1450), Mongolia (1250-1450), Khmer (1250), Mali (1300, 1450), Chagatai (1350), Lithuania (1450), Inca (1500) and Russia (1500)."
Further reading
- Cooper, F. (2008). Empires and Political Imagination in World History. Princeton [u.a.]: Princeton University Press.
- Doyle, M. W. (1986). Empires. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
- English, Edward D. ed. Encyclopedia Of The Medieval World (2 vol. 2004).
- Farrington, K. (2003). Historical Atlas of Empires. London: Mercury.
- Harrison, T., & J. Paul Getty Museum. (2009). The Great Empires of the Ancient World. Los Angeles, Calif: J. Paul Getty Museum.
- Khan, A. (2004). A Historical Atlas of India. New York: Rosen Pub.
- Jordan, William Chester. (1996) The Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia for Students (4 Volumes)
- Labberton, R. H. (1884). An historical atlas: A chronological series of one hundred and twelve maps at successive periods. New York.
- Litwin, H. (2016), Central European Superpower, BUM Magazine, October 2016.
- Loyn, H. R. (1989) The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. (1989)
- Morris, I., & Scheidel, W. (2009). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, History of International Relations Open Textbook Project, Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming.
- Petitjean, P., Jami, C., Moulin, A. M., & Equipe REHSEIS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)). (1992). Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Shepherd, W. R., & C.S. Hammond & Company. (1911). Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
- Stearns, Peter N. ed. The Encyclopedia of World History (2001).