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The foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration is predicted to be characterized as a "return to normal"[1] way of politics by rebuilding the eroded relationships between the United States and its allies from the Trump administration's more abrasive approach to foreign policy.
President Biden has acknowledged the need to address three key issues in his presidency:[2]
- "reinvigorating" democracy in the United States and strengthening democracies abroad.
- equipping United States citizens to succeed in a global economy.
- mobilize action on global threats, most importantly the COVID-19 pandemic.
Along with these key points, Biden promises to end forever wars, reimagine partnerships like NATO, a renewed commitment to arms control, and address climate change.
The Americas
Canada
Biden's first foreign leader call was with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on January 22, 2021. The call followed Biden's announcement of the cancellation of the Keystone Pipeline. Biden explained that he was following through on a campaign promise and restoring a decision made by the former Obama administration while acknowledging that the decision will cause hardship to Canada.[3] Issues discussed included the COVID-19 pandemic and economic recovery therein, climate change and environmental issues, NATO, Indigenous issues and other international relations.[4] In her first briefing, White House Secretary Psaki noted focus on foreign relations would be with friends and allies of the United States saying: "I would expect his early calls will be with partners and allies. He feels it's important to rebuild those relationships."[5]
Central America
Mexican President López Obrador said that President Biden has pledged $4 billion for development in Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala.[6] Secretary of State Antony Blinken said on February 6 that agreements with those three countries to send asylum-seekers back to those countries until their cases were heard were suspended.[7]
Mexico
Biden had a call with Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador on January 22, 2021. On the call they spoke of issues such as regionality and regional migration, reducing immigration across the Mexico–United States border by targeting the root cause, increasing resettlement capacity, providing legal alternative for immigration pathways, improving the treatment of immigrants at the border, adequate arbitration of requests for asylum, reversal of the Trump administration's immigration policies, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Obrador said the call was “pleasant and respectful” and that relations between Mexico and the United States would improve in the future.[8][9][10]
South America
With respect to the crisis in Venezuela, Biden retained a hard-line approach, recognizing opposition leader Juan Guaidó as the legitimate president of Venezuela and declining to directly negotiate with President Nicolás Maduro; the U.S. State Department emphasized that "Maduro is a dictator" and that the regime's repression and corruption created a humanitarian catastrophe.[11]
Middle East
Biden has been a proponent of his "counterterrorism plus" strategy in the Middle East which he says will end previous discriminatory counterterrorism policies in the Middle East by "creating a dialogue with Arab American community leaders on issues of surveillance, policing, and counterterrorism, in tandem with other communities historically affected by securitized relationships with the U.S. government.”[12][13] Biden told the Council on Foreign Relations that his foreign policy will destroy al-Qaeda and ISIL, ensuring their remnants will not reconstitute themselves.[14][15]
Eastern Mediterranean
Antony Blinken indicated American interest in robust ties between itself, Greece, Israel, and Cyprus, in response to questioning by Senate Foreign Relations Committee chair Bob Menendez regarding the Eastern Mediterranean Security and Energy Partnership Act.[16]
Furthermore, stating that "we are very clear eyed" about the problems posed by an expansionist Turkey, which is "not acting like an ally", Blinken indicated that he would consider sanctioning Erdogan's government. [17]
Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict
Biden has been a firm supporter of Israel-United States relations, describing himself a Zionist and stating that U.S. aid to Israel is an investment.[18] Biden's UN Ambassador-designate Linda Thomas-Greenfield vowed to "stand against the unfair singling out of Israel for Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions, saying that the movement "verges on antisemitism."[19]
During his Senate confirmation hearing, Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that the Biden administration would continue to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and to keep the U.S. embassy in Jerusalem[20][21] which had been relocated from its previous site in Tel Aviv by the Trump Administration per the 1995 Jerusalem Embassy Act, passed by a bipartisan supermajority. Biden called Trump's move, done without conditions, "short-sighted and frivolous" but said during his campaign that he would keep the embassy in Jerusalem and not move it back to Tel Aviv.[22] In February 2021, the U.S. Senate adopted, by a 97–3 vote, an amendment to a budget resolution that that affirmed the U.S. intent to keep the embassy in Jerusalem.[23]
Consistent with Biden's statements during the campaign,[15][14][24][14] upon taking office, the Biden administration returned the U.S. to a "more traditional and evenhanded approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict."[25] Biden's acting U.S. ambassador to the UN reaffirmed that the U.S. supported a negotiated two-state solution "in which Israel lives in peace and security, alongside a viable Palestinian state" and called upon the parties to refrain from taking steps that could inhibit a two-state solution, such as Israel annexing or expanding settlements in the West Bank, or the Palestinians inciting violence.[25] The administration restored U.S. diplomatic relations with the Palestinian Authority and resumed U.S. aid to the Palestinians, two years after Trump had effectively ended U.S. engagement with the Palestinians.[25]
Afghanistan
After Biden took office, his administration began a broad review of the U.S.'s policy in Afghanistan,[26][27] where 2,500 U.S. troops were stationed at the beginning of Biden's term.[27]
In early February 2021, shortly after Biden took office, the bipartisan Afghanistan Study Group, a panel established by Congress in 2019, issued its report, recommended that the administration slow the further withdrawal of U.S. troops in Afghanistan, keeping U.S. troops after a May 1 deadline set by the February 2020 U.S.-Taliban agreement reached under the Trump administration.[26][27] The Study Grou, led by former general Joseph Dunford and Kelly Ayotte, warned against a complete U.S. military withdrawal because the Taliban had not fully complied with their obligations under the agreement and because the panel viewed a quick withdrawal of remaining U.S. forces as a risk factor for renewed Afghan civil war, terrorist threats, and insurgency; the panel recommended that U.S. forces be further reduced as security conditions in the country improve.[26][27]
Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the Persian Gulf states
On January 27, 2021, the day after Antony Blinken took office as Secretary of State, the Biden administration put a temporary freeze on arms sales to Saudi Arabia (specifically, of precision-guided munitions) and the United Arab Emirates (specifically, of F-35 fighter jets) pending a review of billions of dollars' worth of weapons transactions approved by the Trump administration.[28]
On February 5, 2021, shortly after taking office, Biden fulfilled a campaign pledge to end U.S. support for the five-year Saudi Arabian-led offensive in Yemen. The Saudi offensive caused a humanitarian crisis in Yemen (the poorest country in the Arabian Peninsula) and failed to defeat the Iran-backed Houthis.[29] Biden called for the warring parties to adopt a cease-fire, open channels to allow the delivery of humanitarian aid, and resume the Yemeni peace process.[29] Shortly thereafter, the Biden administration also removed the Houthis from the State Department list of foreign terrorist organizations, a designation that the Trump administration had made in its final days in office, and that which threatened to halt the delivery of food and humanitarian aid to Yemenis.[30][31] The Biden administration made clear that the U.S. would continue to defend Saudi Arabia against Houthi attacks,[28][29] continue U.S. cooperation with the Saudi government on military and counterterrorism issues,[29] and continue U.S. efforts against al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula.[29]
Iran
Biden has been a deep critic of Trump's withdrawal of the U.S. from the Iran nuclear deal, calling Trump's approach to Iran "a self-inflicted disaster".[32][33] However, in an interview on the CBS Evening News braodcast the day of the 2021 Super Bowl, he indicated to Norah O'Donnell that the United States would not lift sanctions on Iran until that country stopped enriching uranium.[34]
Africa
East Africa
On January 27, the Department of State demanded that Eritrea withdraw from the Tigray War in Ethiopia.[35]
Although most U.S. troops were withdrawn from Somalia in early January 2021, an undisclosed number of U.S. troops participated in a training program against Al-Shabaab jihadists on January 31.[36]
Middle Africa
North Africa
The United States called for the immediate withdrawal of Russian, Turkish, and UAE forces from Libya after a January 23 deadline for them to leave was ignored.[37]
Southern Africa
West Africa
On January 20, 2021, his first day in office, Biden sent a memorandum to the Department of State reinstating Deferred Enforced Departure (DED) to Liberians.[38][39]
Asia
China, Taiwan, and the South China Sea
Biden has criticized the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) for being "deeply authoritarian".[15] "stealing over 1 million" manufacturing jobs from Americans,[40] breaking international trade regulations,[14] unfairly subsidizing Chinese corporations, and stealing intellectual property from U.S. firms and discriminating against them.[14] Tariffs imposed by Trump on the PRC will remain in place.[41] Biden said he had spent more time in private meetings with Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping than any other world leader.[42] He has criticized Xi as "a guy who doesn’t have a democratic — with a small d — bone is his body. This is a guy who is a thug."[43][44] Janet Yellen said the administration would use the United States' "full array of tools" against "abusive" PRC practices.[45] Antony Blinken, crediting the Trump administration's hawkish approach,[46] characterized the PRC as a "Techno-Autocracy" which seeks world dominance. Blinken indicated a desire to welcome political refugees from Hong Kong. He furthermore stated that Biden administration's commitment to Taiwan's defense would "absolutely endure", and that a PRC attack on the island Republic of China (Taiwan) "would be a grievous mistake on their part".[47] The representative of Taiwan in the United States Hsiao Bi-khim (the country's de facto ambassador) was invited to attend Biden's presidential inauguration, becoming the first Taiwanese representative to attend a U.S. presidential ceremony.[48][49]
On January 20, 2021, around the time of the inauguration of Biden, PRC government announced sanctions against Mike Pompeo and 27 other former officials who worked under the Trump presidency. A spokesperson for Biden's National Security Council called the sanctions "unproductive and cynical."[50] This comes after Pompeo, who was Secretary of State under Donald Trump, formally declared that China is committing a genocide against the Uyghurs, which the Biden campaign had previously said half a year prior in a statement in August 2020.[51] During his nomination hearing, Biden endorsed Pompeo's report that China is committing a genocide against Uyghur Muslims, reaffirming Biden's campaign stance.[52]
The Biden administration took a tough stance on China, with Blinken and Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines advocating an assertive U.S. approach.[49] The Biden administration rejected China's territorial and maritime claims in the South China Sea that violate international law, and pledged to back Southeastern Asian nations on territorial disputes.[53][54] The administration also condemned Chinese incursions into Taiwain's air defense zone.[49]
Biden held his first telephone call with Xi Jinping on February 10, 2021.
India
In his first telephone call with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on February 8, 2021, Biden and Modi (the leaders of the world's two most populous democracies) committed to close cooperation on the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and promoting a "free and open Indo-Pacific region" and agreed that the "rule of law and the democratic process must be upheld" in India's regional neighbor Burma, in which the military seized power in a coup.[55][56][57] Addressing regional security issues posed by China, Biden and Modi expressed "support for freedom of navigation, territorial integrity, and a stronger regional architecture through the Quad" (the U.S., India, Japan, and Australia).[56] Biden made no direct mention of the ongoing farmers' protests, but noted that a "shared commitment to democratic values" as the "bedrock for the U.S.-India relationship."[55] Modi stated after the call that both he and Biden are "committed to a rules-based international order" and "look forward to consolidating our strategic partnership."[57]
Japan
In his first telephone call with Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga on January 28, 2021, Biden and Suga reaffirmed the U.S.'s committement to the U.S.-Japan security alliance,[53] including the "unwavering" American commitment to defending Japan under the U.S.-Japan Mutual Defense Treaty, including defense of the Senkaku Islands (which are administered by Japan, but claimed by China).[54][58]
South Korea
In his first telephone call with South Korean President Moon Jae-in on February 4, 2021, Biden and Moon agreed to enhance regional cooperation between Japan, the U.S., and South Korea on key issues, including issues on North Korea, and on the importance of improving strained Japan–South Korea relations.[59]
Myanmar
Biden condemned the 2021 coup d'état in Burma (Myanmar); called upon the Burmese military to release State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and the other officials whom they had detailed; stated that "United States opposes any attempt to alter the outcome of recent elections or impede Myanmar's democratic transition."[60] Biden called upon the military to "relinquish power it seized and demonstrate respect for the will of the people of Burma" and imposed new U.S. sanctions against the military coup plotters (some of whom were already under sanctions for atrocities against the Rohingya minority), including freezing $1 billion in assets.[61]
Europe
European Union
Some analysts and diplomats say the proposed Comprehensive Agreement on Investment between China and the European Union may damage relations with the United States as the EU hands China a political win at the expense of incoming president Biden.[62][63][64] In December 2020, Jake Sullivan, Biden's national security adviser, said he would welcome "early consultation" with Europe on China. However, instead of holding off for Biden to take office to devise a common approach toward China, the EU agreed to the deal anyway.[65]
United Kingdom
On January 23, 2021, Biden and the British Prime Minister Boris Johnson had a phone call.[66] With the United Kingdom assuming control over its trade policy after the completion of Brexit and the withdrawal from the European Economic Area, Johnson pushed Biden for a new trade deal that would unite a global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Biden administration signaled that it is unlikely to push for a U.K.-U.S. free trade agreement (a major priority for Johnson) early on in Biden's term, as Biden has expressed a desire for the U.S. to make "major investments in American workers and our infrastructure" before entered into new free trade agreements.[67]
France and Germany
Soon after taking office, Biden spoke with French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel in separate phone calls.[68][69] In the calls with the European leaders, Biden spoke of bilateral relations, bolstering transatlantic relations through NATO and the European Union, and closely coordinating on key issues, such as Iran, China, Russia, Afghanistan, climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and multilateral organizations.[68][69][70] In early February 2021, Biden froze the Trump administration's withdrawal of 9,500 troops from U.S. military bases in Germany,[71] Biden's freeze was welcomed by Germany, which said that the move "serves European and transatlantic security and hence is in our mutual interest."[72]
Russia
On the day of Biden's inauguration, the Russian government urged the new U.S. administration to take a "more constructive" approach in talks over the extension of the 2010 New START treaty, the sole remaining agreement limiting the number of U.S. and Russian long-range nuclear warheads.[73] In his first telephone call with Russian President Vladimir Putin on January 26, 2021, Biden and Putin agreed that they would extend the New START treaty (which was set to expired in February 2021) by an additional five years.[74]
Biden and his administration condemned human rights violations by the Russian authorities, calling for the release of detained dissident and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny, his wife, and the thousands of Russians who had demonstrated in his support; the U.S. called for the unconditional release of Navalny and the protestors and a credible investigation into Navalny's poisioning.[75][76][77]
Multilateral organizations and policy
Consistent with his campaign pledges,[78][79] Biden brought the U.S. back into several multilateral organizations and agreements.[80]
Human rights and health
In early February 2021, soon after taking office, the Biden returned the United States to the United Nations Human Rights Council (which the Trump withdrew from in 2018) and directed the State Department to "to re-engage immediately and robustly" with the Council; Blinken, Biden's secretary of state, said that "The best way to improve the Council, so it can achieve its potential, is through robust and principled U.S. leadership."[80]
Biden also rescinded the Mexico City Policy ("Global Gag Rule"), an Trump-era anti-abortion measure that blocked nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that provided abortion-related information, referrals, counseling, or services (even with funds contributed by private donors or non-U.S. governments) from receiving any U.S. foreign aid.[81][82][83] The policy, first adopted under Reagan, has been alternately imposed under Republican administrations and rescinded under Democratic ones,[81] and was extended in scope under Trump.[82] Biden's repeal of the rule was welcomed by, among other, Doctors Without Borders[82] and Amnesty International.[84] Biden also withdrew the U.S. from the Geneva Consensus Declaration, an anti-abortion declaration that the U.S. had joined under Trump, and restored funding to the UN Population Fund.[83]
COVID-19 pandemic response and global health
Biden signed an executive order on his first day in office, halting the U.S. withdrawal from the World Health Organization that Trump had ordered (but which had not yet taken effect). Biden also appointed Dr. Anthony Fauci, the U.S. government's chief infectious disease scientist, as the head of the delegation to the WHO.[85] The U.S. has been the largest financial contributor to the WHO, providing roughly one-fifth of its annual budget.[86] Fauci stated the US would meet its financial obligations of $400–$500 million/year, and rejoin the COVAX global framework for vaccinating people in low to middle-income countries which had been stalled by lack of funding.[87]
Biden renewed COVID-19-related travel bans barring non-U.S. nationals from several parts of the world, including the Schengen Area, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Brazil, from entering the U.S. These bans had initially been imposed by Trump, but before leaving office Trump had ordered that the bans expire on January 26, 2021. The day before the travel bans were set to expire, Biden extended them and also added South Africa to the list of affected countries.[88] The bans on entry by mainland Chinese and Iranian nationals were not scheduled to expire by Trump, and they remain in place.[89]
Climate change
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