History of the Maldives | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-dynastic | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dynastic ages | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Modern history | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Maldives was turned into a Sultanate in 1153 when the Buddhist King Dhovemi converted to Islam. Prior to that the Maldives was a Buddhist Kingdom, a Hindu Kingdom and before that a matriarchal society with each atoll ruled by a chief queen according to some accounts or by others, several theocratic societies ruled by priests known as Sawamias of heliolatric, selenolatric and astrolatric religions. All the rulers before King Koimala only ruled over parts of the Maldives or Deeva Maari (and Dheeva Mahal) as it was known then. Koimala was the first king to rule over all the islands of the Maldives as we know today and the island of Maliku.
The formal title of the Sultan up to 1965 was, Sultan of Land and Sea, Lord of the twelve-thousand islands and Sultan of the Maldives which came with the style Highness. After independence in 1965 the Sultan assumed the title King with the style Majesty.This style was only there for nearly 3 years until 1968 Maldives turned into a republic for the second time. The main official Royal residence of the Sultan was the Etherekoilu, a palace in Malé.
The reigns of Sultans are from three sources. Taarikh by Maldivian chronicler Hasan Taj Al-Din's written in arabic which covers 670 years of Maldives history, the loamaafaanu copper plates and the third source called Raadhavalhi which was written in 1757 using both Dhives (old script) and Thaana (new script) Maldivian languages.
Kingdom of Adeetta Vansa to Theemuge dynasty
Solar dynasty
Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Sri Srudasarunaditya | before 269 BC[1] | unknown | Exiled prince and son of King Sri Brahamaditya of the Kalinga Kingdom of India.[1] |
Unknown number of rulers | The Mapanansa[1], the copper plates on which the history of the Kings of Solar Dynasty was written were lost quite early on.
A 4th century notice written by Ammianus Marcellinus ( 362 AD ) speaks of gifts sent to the Roman emperor Julian by a deputation from the nation of "Divi". The name "Divi" is very similar to "Dheyvi" who were the first settlers of Maldives.[1] | ||
Srimati Damahara | unknown | unknown | Last ruler of the Solar Dynasty. It is unclear from the records how many other rulers ruled between the reigns of King Sri Aditya and Queen Damahara. Married Prince Sri Baladitya from the Kalinga Kingdom who later became the first king of the Lunar Dynasty. |
Lunar dynasty
Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Sri Baladitya | around 990 | unknown | Prince from Kalinga Kingdom of India. Married Queen Damahara of the Solar dynasty to become the ruler of Diva Mahal (Dheeva Maari). Early during his reign King Rajaraja I of Chola invaded the northern atolls of the Maldives. Although some sources indicate the start of the reign as 900 AD, a Chinese document from the Tang dynasty, records the visit of Maldivians to China bringing with them gifts from their king, Baladitya in 658 AD and also in 662 AD. |
Sri Laukabarana | unknown | unknown | King of the Lunar dynasty. He is son or grandson of Svasti Sri Damahara Maha Rehendi |
Sri Maha Sandura | unknown | unknown | Son of King Laukabarana. He had a daughter Princess Kamanhara (also known as Kamanara or Rehendihara) who was banished to the island then called Is-Midu (Addu Meedhoo today). With her she took the Mapanansa, the copper plates in which the history of the Kings of Solar dynasty was written. The Mapanasa were later buried by Al-Muhaddith Hasan and this is why such little information survived about the Solar dynasty. |
Sri Bovana Ananda | unknown | unknown | Son of King Laukabarana and brother of King Maha Sandura. He is the father of King Koimala. |
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20211221063804im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/4rwtxihwmvykt4h0kal6lr48cdwknrd.png)
Queen Damahaar Maha Rehendi ( Last Queen of Solar dynasty )
Svasti Sri Loka Abaruna, King Loka Abaruna
King Maha Sandura
- Princess Kamanhaar
Svasti Sri Buwana Ananda, King Buwana ananda
Svasti Sri Somavamsa Adipati Sri Theemuge Sri Maha Parama Aditya, King Koimala.
- Princess Henevi Ma'ava'a Kilage.
Prince Dhovemi Kalaminja, Sultan Dhovemi, Dharumavantha Rasgefaanu
- Prince Sri Kalo
- Princess Mulee Mava'a Kilege
Prince Muthey Kalaminja, Sultan Muthey
- Princess Reki Hiriya Mava'a Kilage
Prince Ali Kalaminja, Sultan Ali I
- Princess Fahi Hiriya Mava'a Kilage
Prince Dinei Kalaminja, Sultan Dhinei
Prince Dihai Kalaminja, Sultan Dhihei
Prince Valla Dio Kalaminja, Sultan Valla Dio
- Princess Aidigu Mava'a Kilage
Prince Wadi Kalaminja, Sultan Wadi
Lunar or Homa or Theemuge Dynasty[2]
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
King Mahaabarana Adeettiya (Koimala)[3] | Suvasthi Shri Theemuge Rasfireyru Mini Abaaruna Mahaaradhun[4] | 1117 | 1141 | The first king to rule over the whole of Maldives. |
King Dhovemi Later Sultan Muhammad al-Adil [5] |
Siri Bavanditta Maha Radun | 1141 | 1165 | Reigned as a Buddhist until 1153. Son of Henevi Maava Kilege, sister of Koimala. A member of the Soma or Homa (Lunar) dynasty. Converted to Islam in 1153, assumed the title Sultan and founded the Theemuge dynasty. He was the famous Dharumavantha Radun[1] or the Benevolent King. |
Sultan Mute Kalaminja[5] | Bavana Abaruna Maha Radun | 1165 | 1184 | Mother's sister's son of Dhovemi |
Sultan Ali b. Reke Hiriya[5] | Dammara-nanda Maha Radun | 1184 | 1192 | |
Sultan Dinei Kalaminja[5] | Fanaditta Maha Radun | 1192 | 1198 | The Lōmāfānu was written during Sultan Dhinei's reign |
Sultan Dihei Kalaminja[5] | Dagata Abaruna Maha Radun | 1198 | 1213 | Brother of Sultan Dhinei I. |
Sultan Wati Kalaminha[5] | Dagata Suvara Maha Radun | 1213 | 1232 | Brother of Sultans Dhinei I and Dhinei II. |
Sultan Valla Dio[5][6] | Rada-rada Suvara Maha Radun | 1232 | 1257 | Brother of Sultans Dhinei I, Dhinei II and Wadi. |
Sultan Hudei Kalaminja[5] | Vira Abaruna Maha Radun | 1257 | 1263 | |
Sultan Aima Kalaminja[5] | Loka Suvara Maha Radun | 1263 | 1265 | |
Sultan Hiley ( Ali ) Kalaminja[5] | Sinja Abaruna Maha Radun | 1265 | 1267 | |
Sultan Kalaminja b. Aydage[5] | Madini Survara Maha Radun | 1267 | 1268 | |
Sultan Uda ( Auda ) Kalaminja[5] | Arida Suvara Maha Radun | 1268 | 1277 | Son of Sultan Wadi |
Sultan Ali Kalamnija[5] | Arida Suvara Maha Radun | 1277 | 1287 | Son of Sultan Audha |
Sultan Yoosuf Kalamnija[5] | Bavana Aditta Maha Radun | 1287 | 1293 | Brother of Sultan Hali II |
Sultan Salah al-Din b. Yusuf[5] | Some Sivara Maha Radun | 1293 | 1301 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf I |
Sultan Da'ud b. Yusuf[5] | Sundura Bavana Maha Radun | 1301 | 1306 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf I |
Sultan Umar Vira ( Abu Fath Jalal al-Din )[5] | Loka Abaruna Maha Radun | 1306 | 1340 | Son of Sultan Salis |
Sultan Shihab al-Din Ahmad[5] | Loka Aditta Maha Radun | 1340 | 1347 | Son of Sultan Omar I, deposed, banished and assassinated by sister Khadijah[7] |
Sultana Rehindi Kabadi Kilege ( Khadija )[5] | Rada Abaruna Maha Radun | 1347 | 1362 | Deposed by her first husband Mohamed el-Jameel |
Sultan Mohamed el-Jamil[5] | Bavana Suja Maha Radun | 1362 | 1363 | First Husband of Sultana Khadijah. Assassinated by estranged wife Khadijah. He was nicknamed Handsome Mohamed. |
Sultana Rehendi ( Khadijah )[5] | Rada Abaruna Maha Radun | 1363 | 1373 | Second reign on assassination of first husband Sultan Mohamed el-Jameel. Deposed for a second time by her second husband Abdullah. |
Sultan Abdullah Kilege[5] | Dammaru Aaditta Maha Radun | 1373 | 1376 | Second husband of Sultana Khadijah. Assassinated by wife Khadijah |
Sultana Rehendi ( Khadijah )[5] | Rada Abaruna Maha Radun | 1376 | 1379 | Third reign |
Sultana Radafati ( Adafate ) Kabadi Kilege[5] | Soma Aburana Maha Radun | 1379 | 1380 | Daughter of Sultan Omar I, half sister of Sultana Khadijah. Deposed by husband Mohamed. |
Sultan Mohamed I[5][8] | Sundura Abaruna Maha Radun | 1380 | 1384 | Husband of Sultana Raadhafathi. Son of Kaeumani Kaulhanna Kilege.[8] He is from the island of Maakurathu in Raa Atoll hence he is also known as Maakurathu Mohamed Rasgefaan. |
Sultana Da'inu Kabadi Kilege[5] | Natta Abaruna Maha Radun | 1385 | 1388 | Daughter of Sultan Mohamed I. Deposed by husband Abdullah. |
Sultan Abdullah[5] | Soma Abaruna Maha Radun | 1388 | 1388 | Husband of Sultana Dhaain. Some records call him a Regent (Henevi-rasge). |
Sultan Uthman al-Fahandavi[5] | Sundura Aditta Maha Radun | 1388 | 1388 | Former Imam to Raadhafathi and Dhaain. Last of the Lunar dynasty. |
Hilaalee dynasty
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20211221063804im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/cgfotg2j2um4qf44onblrsaw9o4no7v.png)
- Abbas al-Hilal
- Hassan Kuja Malim Kologe
- Kulhiveru Hilalu Kaivulanna Kaloge + Golavehi Kabulo
Hassan I, Sultan Hassan al-Hilali Sri Dhiru Buwana Maha Radhun
Hussain I, Sultan Husain al-Hilali, Sultan of the Maldives ( Twins with brother Hassan )
- Ma'afai Kalo Kilege
- Kaulanna'a Kalo Kilege
Ali Heneve Ras Kilege, Sultan Ali IV
Prince Yusuf Kalaminja, Sultan Yusuf II
Sultan Haji Nasir ul-Mukhatib Hassan III
Prince Umaru Kalaminja, Sultan Umar II
Sultan Yusuf III
Prince Hassan Kalaminnja, Sultan Hassan V
Prince Yusufu Kalaminja Ras Kilege, Sultan Yusuf III
Prince Kalu Muhammad Kalaminja, Sultan Kalu Muhammad
Prince Hassan Dobula Fa'aruna'a, Sultan Hassan VIII
Prince Umar Ma'afai Kilege, Sultan Hilali Muhammad
- Prince Ahmad Manikufa'anu Kalaminja
Princess Aisha Kabafaanu Rani Kilege + Sultan Ali IV
- Kuda Kalafaanu
- H.H. Sitti Maryam Ma'ava'a Kuda Kamanafa'anu Rani Kilege (d/o Aisha Kabafa'anu). m. at Malé, 1573, Al-Amir Hassan Rannabanderi Kilegefa'anu, younger son of Kalege Husain Thakuru'fa'anu, Khatib of Uthimu Island, Tiladummati Atoll
- Kalege Kalu Hassan, of Bararu, Tiladummati Atoll ( Start of The Uthimu Dynasty )
- Kalege Kalu 'Ali Thakurufa'anu, Khatib of Uthimu Island, Tiladummati Atoll
- Kalege Husain Thakuru'fa'anu, Khatib of Uthimu + Amina Dio
- Kalege 'Ali Thakurufa'anu
- Amira Maryam Kamba'adi Kilege
- Amira Amina Ma'ava Kilege + Al-Amir 'Umar Ma'afai Kilege
Kalu Thukkala, H.H. Sultan Shuja'at Muhammad Imad ud-din I, Bodu Rasgefaanu
H.H. Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar I
- A son, unknown name
- Amira Amina Kamba'adi Kilege + Al-Amir Mahmud Fandiyaru Kilegefa'anu (d. 8 March 1678), Chief Judge 1663-1678, son of Don Boi Naib Thakurufa'anu, the step-son of Addu Bodu Fandiyaru Thakurufa'anu.
- Funadhu Muhammad Siraj ud-din Thakurufa'anu, Khatib.
- Amira Amina Kamba'adi Kilege + Al-Amir Mahmud Fandiyaru Kilegefa'anu (d. 8 March 1678), Chief Judge 1663-1678, son of Don Boi Naib Thakurufa'anu, the step-son of Addu Bodu Fandiyaru Thakurufa'anu.
- Princess "Fulana" + Al-Amir Hassan Farina Kilege Dorimena, younger son of H.H. Al-Amir Husain Fa'amuladeri Kilegefa'anu
- Princess Mariyam Kaba'adi Kilege
- Amira Amina Ma'ava Kilege + Al-Amir 'Umar Ma'afai Kilege
- Amira Maryam Kamba'adi Kilege
Kalege Muhammed Bodu Thakurufa'anu Khatib, who succeeded as H.H. Sultan Ghazi Muhammed Thakurufa'anu al-'Azam
Al-Amir Hassan Thakurufa'anu Khatib + Princess Aisha Kabafa'anu, daughter of Sultan Kalu Muhammad
- Kuda Kalafa'anu
- H.H. Al-Amira Kuda Kalu Kamanafa'anu
- Kalege 'Ali Thakurufa'anu
- Kalege Husain Thakuru'fa'anu, Khatib of Uthimu + Amina Dio
- Eduru Thakurufa'anu, Khatib of Bararu, Tiladummati Atoll
- Kalege Kalu 'Ali Thakurufa'anu, Khatib of Uthimu Island, Tiladummati Atoll
- Kalege Kalu Hassan, of Bararu, Tiladummati Atoll ( Start of The Uthimu Dynasty )
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan Hasan I[5] | Bavana | 1388 | 1398 | First of the Hilaaly dynasty. Son of Golhaavahi Kambulo ( Kalavahi Kabulo ) and Kulhiveri Hilaalu Kaeulhanna Kaloge son of Muslim Abbas of Hulhule. |
Sultan Ibrahim I[5] | Dhammaru Veeru | 1398 | 1398 | Son of Sultan Hassan I. Deposed by his uncle Hussain. |
Sultan Husayn I[5] | Loka Veeru | 1398 | 1409 | Brother of Sultan Hassan I. Assumed the throne after deposing his nephew Sultan Ibrahim I. |
Sultan Nasir al-Din al-Gulavihi[5] | Veeru Abaarana | 1409 | 1411 | Introduced the Islamic penal code. Possibly a member of the Lunar dynasty |
Sultan Hasan Hilali[5] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1411 | 1411 | Drowned in a tank. |
Sultan Isa[5] | Bavana Sundhura | 1411 | 1411 | Brother of Sultan Hassan II. |
Sultan Ibrahim I[5] | Dhammaru Veeru | 1411 | 1421 | Second reign, first reigned in 1398. |
Sultan Uthman II[5] | Dhammaru Loaka | 1421 | 1421 | Son of Sultan Osman I. |
Sultan Muhammad[5] | Raadha Bavana | 1421 | 1421 | Uncle of Sultan's Hassan I and Hussain I. Prime Minister to Osman I |
Sultan Yusuf II[5] | Loka Aananadha | 1421 | 1443 | Son of Sultan Hassan I |
Sultan Abu Bakr I[5] | Bavana Sooja | 1443 | 1443 | Son of Sultan Hassan I half brother of Sultan Yoosuf II. Killed in battle with the Portuguese who came to summon the Council of Ministers of the Maldives to Cochin. |
Sultan Hasan III[5] | Raadha Veeru | 1443 | 1467 | Son of Sultan Aboobakuru I. Deposed by Sayyid Mohamed while abroad. |
Sultan al-Sayyid Muhammad[5] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1467 | 1467 | Possible descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. Deposed by Sultan Hassan III upon returning to Maldives. |
Sultan Hasan III[5] | Raadha Veeru | 1467 | 1468 | Second reign. |
Sultan Muhammadh II[5] | Bavana Abaarana | 1468 | 1480 | Son of Sultan Hasan III. |
Sultan Hasan IV[5] | Raadha Loka | 1480 | 1480 | Son of Sultan Mohamed II. Deposed by Omar II. |
Sultan Umar II[5] | Loka Sundhura | 1480 | 1484 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf II. |
Sultan Hasan V[5] | Raadha Aanandha | 1484 | 1485 | Son of Sultan Omar II. |
Sultan Hasan IV[5] | Raadha Loka | 1485 | 1491 | Second reign. |
Sultan al-Shaykh Hasan VI[5] | Raadha Fanaveeru | 1491 | 1492 | Grandson of Sultan Aboobakuru I. |
Sultan Ibrahim II[5] | Bavana Furasuddha | 1492 | 1492 | Son of Omar II. |
Sultan Kalu Muhammad[9][5] | Dhammaru Bavana | 1492 | 1492 | Son of Sultan Omar II. Deposed by his brother Yoosuf. |
Sultan Yusuf III[5] | Veeru Aanandha | 1492 | 1493 | Son of Sultan Omar II. |
Sultan Ali II[5] | Audha Veeru | 1493 | 1495 | Grandson of Sultan Hassan I. |
Sultan Kalu Muhammad[9][5] | Dhammaru Bavana | 1495 | 1510 | Second reign. Son of Sultan Omar II Deposed for a second time, this time by his nephew Hassan. |
Sultan Hasan VII[5] | Singa Veeeru | 1510 | 1511 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf III. |
Sultan al-Sharif Ahmad al-Makki[5] | Suddha Bavana | 1511 | 1513 | An Arab from Mecca. Possible descendant of Muhammad. |
Sultan Ali III[5] | Aanandha | 1513 | 1513 | Killed in a duel with his sister Burecca (Buraki Raani). Grandson of Sultan Aboobakuru I. Son of Mohamed Farhana Kalo and Recca daughter of Aboobakuru I |
Sultan Kalu Muhammad[9][5] | Dhammaru Bavana | 1513 | 1529 | Third accession assisted by his wife Queen Burecca who killed her brother Ali III |
Sultan Hasan al-Shirazi VIII[5] | Ran Mani Loka | 1529 | 1549 | Son of Sultan Kalu Mohamed and Fatuma Dio, a concubine from Shiraz in Persia. |
Sultan Muhammad III[5] | Singa Bavana | 1549 | 1551 | Assassinated by his brother Hassan succeeded him. Son of Golhavahi Aysha Rani Kilege and Omar Maafaiy Kilege son of Kalu Mohamed and Aysha Rani Kilege daughter of Korari Kilege. Therefore, Grandson of Sultan Kalu Mohamed. |
Sultan Hasan IX[5] | Dhirukusa Loka | 1551 | 1552 | Brother of Mohamed III. He was the first Maldivian and only member of its royalty to renounce Islam and convert to Christianity. He was deposed upon conversion, and known subsequently by the Lusitanian name of Dom Manoel. |
Interregnum | 1552 | 1554 | Maldives ruled by a Council of Ministers. | |
Sultan Abu Bakr II[5] | Asaalees Loka | 1554 | 1557 | Son of Ibrahim Faarhana Kilege and Sanfa Dio. Former Prime Minister to Dom Manoel. |
Sultan Ali IV[5] | Audha Siyaaka Katthiri | 1557 | 1558 | Killed in battle. Son of Prime Minister Abdur Rahman Dorhimeyna Kaloge and Sitti Rani Kilege. He was married to Princess Aysha Rani Kilege, aunt of Dom Manoel and daughter of Kalu Mohamed. |
King Dom Manoel[10] | Dhirikusa Loka (in absentia) | 1558 | 1573 | Restored as the king. Formerly known as Sultan Hassan IX. A Maldivian Catholic named Andiri Andirin acted as his regent, while Manoel lived in Goa. |
Interregnum[10] | 1573 | 1573 | Maldives ruled by Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan of Utheemu after he assassinated Andiri Andirin, the regent of King Dom Manoel. As per a treaty he got refuge from Ali Raja of Cannanore, Mohamed Thakurufan's base of operation was Minicoy under the sovereignty of Cannanore. Keteeb Mohamed Thakurufan did not honour this promise. The Ali Raja demanded dominion over the Maldives, as promised to him by the Kateeb of Uteem. The nature of the relationship between Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan and the Ali Raja of Cannanore was outlined in a letter sent by a later Ali Raja, Mariambe Ali-Adi Raja Bibi, to the Sultan Mohamed Mueenuddine I of the Maldives. The letter was dated Friday 17 Jamada-el-oula Anno Hegirae 1243 (7 December AD 1827). According to the letter Mohamed Thakurufan had entered into a treaty ceding sovereignty of the Maldives to the Ali Raja of Cannanore in the event Thakurufan was established in power in Male. (refer page 294 of Divehi Tarikh). | |
King Dom Manoel[10] | Dhirikusa Loka | 1573 | 1583 | Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan concluded a Treaty with King Dom Manoel in order to ward off the Ali Raja of Cannanore with whose help the Kateeb seized power in Male.
Under the treaty, Dom Manoel was restored but remained in Goa. The co-regents were Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan of Utheem and his brother Hassan Thakurufan. The kateeb conferred on himself the title of sultan in 1583 upon Dom Manoel's death. This was in breach of the Treaty and was not legally binding. |
King Dom João[10] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1583 | 1603 | Son of King Manoel, who remained in Goa. He had two brothers, Dom Francisco and Dom Pedro. Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan and his brother Hassan Thakurufan ruled for King Dom João as co-regents. Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan assumed the title of Sultan following the death of King Dom Manoel. He married a Portuguese Christian noblewoman, Donna Francisca Vasconelles and had two children, Dom Philippe and Dona Inez.
Ibrahim, also known as Kalaafaan[11] (literally "Lord") was the de facto sultan, but legally the regent of Kings Dom João and Dom Philippe who resided in Goa. He reigned from 1585 to 1609. Son of Mohamed Thakurufan, kateeb of Utheemu and Rehendiye Goyye daughter of Cat Fatima of Boarhi Woods in Baarah. Ibrahim Kalaafaan was the regent at the time of François Pyrard de Laval's[11] detainment in the Maldives after the shipwreck. |
King Dom Philippe[10] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1603 | 1632 | Son of King Dom João and Donna Francisca Vasconelles.
Al-Amira Kuda Kalu Kamanafaanu acted as regent from 1607 until 1609. She was the daughter of Hassan Thakurufaan and Sitti Maryam Maavaa Kuda Kamanafaanu Rani Kilege, daughter of Sultan Ali VI, Sultan of the Maldives, by his wife, Princess Aisha Kabafa'anu, daughter of Sultan Kalu Mohamed[9] Hussain Faamuladeyri Kilege acted as regent from 1609 to 1620. Muhammad Imaduddin I acted as regent from 1620 to 1632. De-recognised in the Maldives after an abortive expedition with Portuguese assistance in order to abolish regency and assume power. |
Utheemu dynasty
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin I[10] | Kula Sundhura Katthiri Bavana | 1632 | 1648 | Legally proclaimed sultan in 1632 former regent for King Dom Philippe. |
Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar I[10] | Kula Ran Meeba Katthiri Bavana | 1648 | 1687 | Son of Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin I. |
Sultan Kuda Muhammad[10] | Maniranna Loka | 1687 | 1691 | Son of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar I. His mother Princess Maryam acted as regent due to his age. Killed with his mother while at sea in an explosion. |
Sultan Muhammad Mohyeddine[10] | Naakiree Sundhura | 1691 | 1692 | Re-established the Islamic penal code. Son of Dharanboodhoo Kadida Dio and Abu Naibu Hassan Dorhimeyna Kilege son of the Regent Hussain Famuladeyri Kilege. |
Hamawi dynasty
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen I[10] | Mikaalha Madhaadheettha | 1692 | 1692 | Arab mentor of Sultan Muhammad Mohyeddine. He first visited Male during the reign of Ibrahim Iskandar I. He was Probably poisoned to death. He coutured the re-establishment of the Islamic Penal code held by the previous Sultan Muhammad Mohyeddine and assigned Scholars to teach in Mosques. In his Sultanate Maldives was very peaceful and citizens became educated and religious. (refer page 67 to 69 of Divehi Tarikh) |
Dhevvadhoo dynasty
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan Muhammad Ali IV[5] | Kula Ran Mani | 1692 | 1701 | First Sultan of the Dhevvadhoo dynasty.[12] Popularly known as Dhevvadhoo Rasgefaanu,[13] son of Ali Mafahaiy Kilege of Dhevvadhoo and Kakuni Dio.[10] Sultan Mohamed IV was married to Khadheeja Kanba, daughter of Ibrahim Shah Bandar of Isdhoo ( Isdhoo Bodu Velaanaa Thakurufaan ) |
Isdhoo dynasty
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan Ali VII[5] | Kula Ran Muiy | 1701 | 1701 | Ali Shah Bandar or Isdu 'Ali Velana Thakuru'fa'anu,[14] first Sultan of the Isdhoo dynasty.
Son of Ibrahim Shah Bandar Kilege of Isdhoo and Aysha Dio. |
Sultan Hasan X[5] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1701 | 1701 | Son of Sultan Ali V. Deposed by his cousin Ibrahim Mudzhiruddine.
He is also known as Addoo Hassan Manikfan[15] |
Sultan Ibrahim Muzhir al-Din[5] | Muthey Ran Mani Loka | 1701 | 1704 | Cousin of Sultan Hasan X. Deposed by his Prime Minister Muhammad Imaduddin during the regency of his spouse, Fatima Kabafa'anu, while on the Hajj pilgrimage. |
Dhiyamigili dynasty
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin II[16] | Kula Sundhura Siyaaka Saasthura | 1704 | 1720 | Prime Minister to Sultan Ibrahim Mudzhiruddine. First of the Dhiyamigili dynasty. Son of Ibrahim Dorhimeyna Kaloge and Amina Dio. |
Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II[17] | Rannava Loka | 1720 | 1750 | Son of Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin II and Amina Dio of Fenfushi. |
Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin III[18] | Navaranna Keerithi | 1750 | 1757 | Son of Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin II and Amina Dio of Fenfushi. Held captive on Kavaratti island from 1752 until his death in 1757. In 1752 he was seized by the Ali Raja of Cannanore and transported to Kavaratti island in the Laccadives. Male was occupied. The occupation was ended by Muleegey Dom Hassan Maniku, a direct descendant of the penultimate Christian King Joao. The sultan died in captivity. During this time Maldives was ruled by the captive sultan's niece Amina I of Maldives and his daughter, Amina II. The de facto regent was Muleegey Dom Hassan Maniku. |
Interregnum | 1757 | 1759 | Regency continued in expectation of the return of the deceased sultan's heir from captivity. | |
Sultana Amina I | 1753 | 1754 | Daughter of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II. Amina assumed the role of the ruler (regent) of Maldives in 1753 after Male was recaptured from the Malabars after 17 weeks of occupation. She was the daughter of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II and Aisha Manikfan. She abdicated the throne and moved to Addu Atoll in the south. She was later banished to various islands and eventually became the Ruler of Maldives for the second time as the regent during the reign of her younger brother Sultan Mohamed Ghiyasuddin in 1773. | |
Sultana Amina II | 1757 | 1759 | Daughter of Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin III. Amina succeeded her cousin in 1754 as nominal regent for her absent father the age of nine, while Muleegey Hassan Manikfaan managed the political affairs as de facto regent. Her father died in 1757 in Minicoy, after which she formally became monarch and queen regnant. In 1759 Sultan Hassan Izzuddin became monarch because the citizens did not approve of a young female as their head. |
Huraa dynasty
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan Hasan 'Izz ud-din[19] | Kula Ran Meeba Audha Keerithi Katthiri Bavana | 1759 | 1766 | Muleegey Dom Hassan Maniku or Don Bandaara was the first Sultan of the Huraa Dynasty. Son of Amina Dio daughter of Mohamed Kateeb of Muli and Huraa Mohamed Faamuladeyri Thakurufan. |
Dhiyamigili dynasty (restored)
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan Muhammad Ghiyath al-Din[5] | Kula Ranmani Keerithi | 1766 | 1774 | Son of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II. Deposed while on the Hajj pilgrimage |
Interregnum | 1773 | 1773 | Regency by Sultans elder sister Amina I. Her husband Ali Shahbandar took power during the regency, and Dhiyamigili dynasty lost the throne in the cascade of events that followed. Mohamed Manikfaan of Huraa usurped the throne and later abdicated in favour of his nephew who became Sultan Muizzuddin. Amina and her husband were banished to a remote island in Laamu Atoll. |
Huraa dynasty (first restoration)
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan Muhammad Shams al-Din Iskandar II[5] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1774 | 1774 | Uncle of Sultan Hasan 'Izz ud-din. |
Sultan Muhammad Mu'izz al-Din[5] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1774 | 1779 | Son of Sultan Hasan 'Izz ud-din. Popularly known as Kalhu Bandaarain |
Sultan Hasan Nooraddeen I[5] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1779 | 1799 | Younger brother of Sultan Muhammad Mu'iz ud-din.[20] |
Sultan Muhammad Mueenuddeen I[5] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1799 | 1835 | Son of Sultan Hassan Nooraddeen I. |
Sultan Muhammad Imaaduddeen IV[21] | Kula Sudha Ira Siyaaka Saasthura Audha Keerithi Katthiri Bovana | 1835 | 1882 | Son of Sultan Muhammad Mueenuddeen I. |
Sultan Ibrahim Nooraddeen[22] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1882 | 1886 | Son of Imaaduddeen IV. Abdicated in favor of his nephew Muhammad Mueenuddeen. |
Sultan Muhammad Mueenuddeen II[23] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1886 | 1888 | Abdicated in favour of his uncle the former Sultan Ibrahim Nooraddeen. |
Sultan Ibrahim Nooraddeen[24] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1888 | 1892 | Second reign. |
Sultan Muhammad Imaaduddeen V[25] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1892 | 1893 | His cousin Hassan Nooreddine Maandhoogey Manippulu acted as his regent due to his age. The regent abdicated in his name in favour of his older half brother. |
Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen III[26] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1893 | 1893 | Brother of Sultan Muhammad Imaaduddeen V. His cousin Hassan Nooreddine Maandhoogey Manippulu acted as his regent due to his age. His cousin abdicated in his name and assumed the throne himself. |
Sultan Muhammad Imaaduddeen VI[27] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1893 | 1902 | Former regent for Sultans Muhammad Imaaduddeen V and Muhammad Shamsuddeen III. Deposed while in the Ottoman Empire. |
Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen III[28] | Kula Sundhura Katthiri Bavana | 1902 | 1934 | Second reign and introduced the first Constitution,[29] which ended when he was deposed and exiled. |
Sultan Hassan Nooraddeen II[30] | Kula Sudha Ira Siyaaka Saasthura Audha Keerithi Katthiri Bavana | 1935 | 1943 | Forced to abdicate. |
Interregnum | 1944 | 1952 | Abdul Majeed Didi was elected Sultan but was never installed and continued to live in Ceylon. Maldives ruled by Council of Regency headed for a time by former Sultan Hassan Nooraddeen II. Following the death of Abdul Majeed, and after a national referendum, the Maldives became a republic. |
Huraa dynasty (second restoration)
Name | Regnal Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
King Sir Muhammad Fareed Didi[31] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1954 | 1968 | Grandson of Sultan Muhammad Mueenuddeen II and eldest son of Sultan Abdul Majeed Didi, took the title of King Muhammad Fareed Didi in 1965, when the British protectorate of the Maldives ended. Deposed by a national referendum which decided to replace the sultanate with a republic. |
See also
- History of the Maldives
- Kingdom of Dheeva Maari
- List of head of state of the Maldives
- President of the Maldives
Notes
- Regnal names are in ancient Maldive language. The names are followed with "Maha Radun" for Kings are "Maha Rehendi" for Queens.[32]
- Sometimes there were no coronation ceremony and for those they were called "Keerithi Maha Radun" for Kings and "Keeri Maha Rehendi" for Queens.[32]
References
- ^ a b c d e Mohamed, Naseema. "First Settlers". Note on the Early History of the Maldives.
- ^ "Legend of Koimala Kalou".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ Maniku, H (1986). "Conversion of Maldives to Islam". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Sri Lanka Branch. New Series. 31: 72–81. JSTOR 23731038.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs Taj al-Din, Hasan. The Maldivian chronicle Ta'rikh.
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "The Rehla of Ibn Battuta". Maldives. 31 October 1976.
- ^ a b "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ a b c d M. dos Santos Alves, Jorge (2005). "Kalu Muhammad Hilali, Sultan of the Maldives (1491-1528)". Kalu Muhammad Hilali, Sultan of the Maldives (1491-1528). 70: 53–65. doi:10.3406/arch.2005.3972.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ a b Francois, Payard. "The voyage of Francois Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil". The Maldives.
- ^ "Decedents of Sultan Mudzuhiruddine - Isdhoo Dynasty". Galehiri.
- ^ "Coral Stone Mosques of Maldives".
- ^ "Sultan Ali VII".
- ^ "Sultan Hassan X".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Killed, exiled or deposed".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117".
- ^ a b "Maldive Sovereigns from AD 1117". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013.
- Official website of the Maldives Royal Family
- Allama Ahmed Shihabuddine (original work in Arabic, translated to Dhivehi by Dhoondeyri Don Maniku), Kitab fi Athaari Meedoo el-Qadimiyyeh. Male'