Mardijker | |
---|---|
Batavian Creole Portuguese | |
Papiá Tugu | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Jakarta |
Ethnicity | Mardijker people |
Extinct | 2012 with the death of Oma Mimi Abrahams |
Portuguese-based creole languages
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
Glottolog | Nonemala1533 Malacca–Batavia Creole |
Linguasphere | 51-AAC-ahd |
Mardijker is an extinct Portuguese-based creole of Jakarta. It was the native tongue of the Mardijker people. The language was introduced with the Dutch settlement of Batavia (present-day Jakarta); the Dutch brought in slaves from the colonies they had recently acquired from the Portuguese, and the slaves' Portuguese creole became the lingua franca of the new city. The name is Dutch for "freeman", as the slaves were freed soon after their settlement. The language was replaced by Betawi creole Malay in Batavia by the end of the 18th century, as the Mardijker intermarried and lost their distinct identity. However, around 1670 a group of 150 were moved to what is now the village and suburb of Tugu, where they retained their language, there known as Papiá, until the 1940s.
The earliest known record of the language is documented in a wordlist published in Batavia in 1780, the Nieuwe Woordenschat.[1] The last competent speaker, Oma Mimi Abrahams, died in 2012, and the language survives only in the lyrics of old songs of the genre Keroncong Moresco (Keroncong Tugu).[2]
References
- ^ see Nieuwe Woordenschatm uyt het Niederduitsch in her Maleedsch en Portugeesch, zeer gemakkelyk voor de errst op Batavia komen (1780)
- ^ "Punahnya Bahasa Kreol Portugis..." [Extinction of the Portuguese Creole Language...]. Kedeputian Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dan Kemanusiaan (in Indonesian). 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
Bibliography
- Nieuwe Woordenschatm uyt het Niederduitsch in her Maleedsch en Portugeesch, zeer gemakkelyk voor de errst op Batavia komen. Batavia: Lodewyk Dominicus. 1780.
- Maurer, Philippe (2011). The Former Portuguese Creole of Batavia and Tugu (Indonesia). London: Battlebridge Publications.
- Suratminto, Lilie (2011). "Creol Potuguese of the Tugu Village: Colonial Heritage in Jakarta Based on the Historical and Linguistic Review". Tawarikh. 3 (1). doi:10.2121/tawarikh.v3i1.393 (inactive 28 February 2022).
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2022 (link) - Suratminto, Lilie (2014). "Bahasa Tugu: Bahasa Kreol Yang Punah" [Bahasa Tugu: The Extinct Creole]. Jurnal Melayu (in Malay). 13: 85–100.
- Schuchardt, Hugo (1891), "Kreolische Studien IX. Uber das Malaioportugiesische von Batavia und Tugu", Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 122, pp. 1–256
External links
- John Holm, 1989, Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey
- Batavia Creole by Maurer Philippe at apics-online.info
- A small history of Tugu