2022 MLB season | |
---|---|
League | Major League Baseball |
Sport | Baseball |
Duration | April 7 – October 5, 2022[1] |
Number of games | 162 |
Number of teams | 30 |
TV partner(s) | Fox/FS1 TBS ESPN/ABC MLB Network Apple TV+ NBC/Peacock YouTube |
Draft | |
Top draft pick | TBD |
Picked by | Baltimore Orioles |
Regular season | |
World Series |
The 2022 Major League Baseball season began on April 7 with the regular season scheduled to end on October 5.
The start of the season was delayed by a lockout of players, which commenced on December 2, 2021, following the expiration of the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between the league and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA).[2] On March 10, 2022, MLB and the MLBPA reached a deal on a five-year CBA, with Opening Day scheduled for April 7 (delayed from its originally-planned March 31), and a full 162-game schedule. Under the new CBA, there will be a universal designated hitter, and the postseason will also be expanded to 12 teams. In November 2021, the Cleveland Indians announced their new team name, the Cleveland Guardians.[3] The 2022 MLB All-Star Game is scheduled to be hosted by the Los Angeles Dodgers at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles.[4]
Lockout
On December 2, 2021, MLB owners voted unanimously to enact a lockout upon the expiration of the 2016 collective bargaining agreement between the league and the players' union. Issues raised between the league and union involved compensation for young players, as well as limitations on tanking to receive higher selections in the MLB draft.
The 2021–22 lockout was the first MLB work stoppage since the 1994–95 strike. It instituted a transaction freeze, including the postponement of the major league portion of the Rule 5 draft. It would be the first year since 1920 to not have a major league phase of the Rule 5 draft, though the minor league phase will still go ahead as scheduled.[5]
On March 10, 2022, almost 100 days after the beginning of the lockout, MLB and the MLBPA reached a deal on a new, five-year CBA.[6] Players began reporting to training camps on March 11, spring training began on March 17, and Opening Day on April 7.[6] The league plans to play a full, 162-game season, and games displaced by the delayed start have been rescheduled.[7][6]
Changes in the new CBA include a pre-arbitration bonus pool for eligible young players, increased minimum salaries (increasing from $700,000 to $780,000 over the length of the deal), a draft lottery to determine the top six selections in the draft, the establishment of an international draft, and the establishment of a Joint Competition Committee that, in 2023, will oversee the adoption of future rule changes (including base sizes and pitch clocks among others). The National League will adopt the designated hitter on a permanent basis, after having previously used it on a temporary basis during the shortened 2020 season, while the postseason will be expanded to 12 teams.[6][8]
Schedule
Major League Baseball released their 2022 regular season schedule on August 4, 2021. As has been the case since 2013, all teams play their four division opponents 19 times each for a total of 76 games, play six or seven games against each of the other ten same-league opponents for a total of 66 games, and 20 interleague games. Interleague play will feature AL East vs. NL Central, AL Central vs. NL West, and AL West vs. NL East.[9][10]
The MLB at Field of Dreams game is planned to return for a second year, featuring the Chicago Cubs and the Cincinnati Reds at the purpose built ballpark in Dyersville, Iowa, on August 11.[11]
The annual MLB Little League Classic is scheduled to feature the Boston Red Sox and the Baltimore Orioles at Bowman Field in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, on August 21.[12]
Rule changes
On March 10, Major League Baseball announced the following rule changes for the 2022 season:[13]
- The temporary rule for the 2020 and 2021 seasons that had doubleheaders played as seven-inning games was repealed.
- The National League adopted the designated hitter full-time. The NL previously adopted the rule temporarily in 2020 before reverting for the 2021 season.
- Tie-breaker games at the end of the season have been eliminated and replaced with statistical tiebreakers.
- The playoff system has been changed:
- Twelve teams will qualify for the postseason, with the division winners seeded one through three, and three wild cards seeded four through six in their respective leagues.
- The top two seeds in each league will receive a bye into the Division Series.
- The lowest-seeded division winner, and three wild card teams (each seeded according to regular season record), will play a best-of-three Wild Card round, with the higher seed hosting all three games. The third-seed will play the sixth-seed, and the fourth-seed will play the fifth-seed.
- There is no re-seeding of the bracket. The first-seed will play the winner of the fourth-seed versus fifth-seed series, and the second-seed will play the winner of the third-seed versus sixth-seed series in the divisional round.
On March 22, MLB introduced an extra set of temporary rules for 2022:[14]
- If a team voluntarily waives the designated hitter spot so that its starting pitcher can be in the batting order, that pitcher can remain in the game as a designated hitter after being replaced by a relief pitcher. This was colloquially called the "Ohtani rule" after rare two-way player Shohei Ohtani.
- The rule establishing an automatic runner[15] on second base to start each extra inning in regular season games, previously repealed on March 10, was reinstated.
- Rosters were expanded from 26 players to 28 players until May 2, due to the shortened spring training.[16]
On April 5, the league announced that all teams may use PitchCom, a wireless system for catchers to request pitches by type and location. PitchCom is intended to reduce the risk of sign stealing and to quicken the pace of play.[17]
On April 26, the league announced that limiting rosters to 13 pitchers had been delayed until May 30, allowing teams to carry up to 14 pitchers until then.[16]
Standings
American League
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National League
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Managerial changes
General managers
Off-season
Team | Former GM | Reason For Leaving | New GM | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chicago Cubs | Jed Hoyer | Promoted | Carter Hawkins | On October 18, 2021, the team announced that Hawkins would be new general manager, filling the spot that has been vacant for nearly a year. He was a long-time part of the Cleveland Indians front office for the last 14 years.[18] |
New York Mets | Zack Scott | Mutual agreement | Billy Eppler | On November 1, 2021, after a year as acting GM of the team, Scott agreed to resign because of his arrest for DUI.[19] On November 18, former Los Angeles Angels GM Billy Eppler was named GM of the team, signing a four-year deal.[20] |
Field managers
Off-season
Team | Former Manager | Reason For Leaving | New Manager | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
New York Mets | Luis Rojas | Option not picked up | Buck Showalter | On October 4, 2021, the team announced that they would not pick up Luis Rojas’ option for the 2022 season. Rojas went 103–119 (.464) in his two seasons with the team.[21]
On December 18, Showalter was hired as their new manager. In 20 seasons as the manager of the New York Yankees (1992–1995), Arizona Diamondbacks (1998–2000), Texas Rangers (2003–2006), and Baltimore Orioles (2010–2018), Showalter compiled a 1551–1517 (.506) record, with two division titles, five playoff appearances with a playoff record of 9–14 (.391), only advancing past the division series once in 2014.[22] |
Oakland Athletics | Bob Melvin | Hired by another team | Mark Kotsay | Melvin was granted permission by the Athletics to become the Padres' manager on October 28, 2021. In eleven seasons with Oakland, Melvin was 853–764 (.528), reaching the playoffs six times, including three AL West titles, and a playoff record of 7–13 (.350), never advancing past the ALDS.[23]
Kotsay, the Athletic's third base coach since 2016, was named the manager of the team on December 20.[24] This will be his first manager position. |
San Diego Padres | Jayce Tingler | Fired | Bob Melvin | On October 6, 2021, the team announced that they have dismissed Tingler with one year remaining in his contract. Tingler was hired in 2020 and led the Padres to a postseason appearance during the pandemic shortened season. He finished his tenure going 116–106 (.523) in his two seasons with the team.[25]
Melvin was hired on November 1. He was previously the manager of the Seattle Mariners (2003–2004), Arizona Diamondbacks (2005–2009), and the Oakland Athletics (2011–2021), with a combined record of 1346–1272 (.514), with seven playoff appearances, a playoff record of 10–17 (.370), never advancing past the League Championship Series.[23] |
St. Louis Cardinals | Mike Shildt | Oliver Marmol | On October 14, 2021, Shildt was fired as manager of the Cardinals due to "philosophical differences" according to team president John Mozeliak. With a record of 252–199 (.559) in his three-plus seasons, Shildt led the Cardinals to the playoffs in his three full seasons and finished with a 4–9 (.308) post-season record. He was voted National League Manager of the Year after the 2019 season.[26]
On October 25, former bench coach Oliver Marmol was named the new manager. With the hiring, Marmol becomes the youngest manager currently in the Major Leagues.[27] |
In-season
Team | Former manager | Interim manager | Reason for leaving | New manager | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Philadelphia Phillies | Joe Girardi | Rob Thomson | Fired | TBD | On June 3, the Phillies fired Girardi. In two-plus seasons as manager of the Phillies he compiled a record of 132–141 (.484) with no playoff appearances.
Thomson, the current bench coach, was named interim manager on June 3. This is his first managerial position.[28] |
Los Angeles Angels | Joe Maddon | Phil Nevin | On June 7, the Angels fired Maddon. In two-plus seasons with the Angels he compiled a record of 130–148 (.468) with no playoff appearances.
Nevin, the current third-base coach, was named the interim manager on June 7. This is his first managerial position.[29] |
League leaders
(Updated through June 17)
American League
|
|
National League
|
|
Milestones
Batters
- Seth Beer (ARI):
- Became the first rookie in Major League history to hit a walk-off home run while trailing on Opening Day on April 7 against the San Diego Padres.[30]
- Steven Kwan (CLE):
- Reached base 18 times in his first five career games, the most by any player since at least 1901.[31]
- Vladimir Guerrero Jr. (TOR):
- Became the first player in Major League history to hit three home runs in a game (April 13), then strike out at least four times the following game (April 14) against the New York Yankees.[32].
- Miguel Cabrera (DET):
- Recorded his 3,000th career hit with a single in the first-inning against the Colorado Rockies on April 23. He became the 33rd player to reach this mark.[33] He also becomes the seventh player in Major League history to record 3,000 hits and hit 500 home runs for his career. He joins Hank Aaron, Willie Mays, Eddie Murray, Rafael Palmeiro, Albert Pujols, and Alex Rodriguez to reach these numbers.[34]
- Recorded his 600th career double against the Houston Astros in the second-inning on May 7. He became the 18th player to reach this mark. With this milestone, Cabrera also becomes the third player in Major League history to record 3,000 hits, 500 home runs and 600 doubles for his career, joining Hank Aaron and Albert Pujols.[35]
- Josh Naylor (CLE):
- Became the first player in Major League history to hit two three-run home runs or grand slams in the ninth inning or later of the same game on May 9. He also became the first player to have at least eight RBI in the eighth inning or later since RBI became an official statistic in 1920.[36]
- Christian Yelich (MIL):
- Became the sixth player in Major League history to hit for the cycle three times in his career on May 11 against the Cincinnati Reds. He also became the first player in Major League history to do so against the same team all three times.[37]
- Albert Pujols (STL):
- Became the tenth player in Major League history to play in 3,000 games when he replaced an injured player in the first game of a doubleheader on June 4 against the Chicago Cubs.[38]
Pitchers
- Justin Verlander (HOU):
- Became the 138th pitcher in Major League history to amass 3,000 career innings pitched during the game against the Seattle Mariners on April 16.[39]
- Hunter Greene / Art Warren (CIN):
- Combined to throw an eight-inning no-hitter on May 15 in the loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates 1–0. Because they did not pitch nine innings, it is not counted as a no-hitter by the Elias Sports Bureau, the official statistician of Major League Baseball.[40]
- Luis García / Phil Maton (HOU):
- Became the first pair of pitchers in Major League history to throw an immaculate inning on the same date, let alone the same game or by the same team against the Texas Rangers on June 15. They both struck out Nathaniel Lowe, Ezequiel Duran and Brad Miller.[41]
No-hitters
- Tylor Megill / Drew Smith / Joely Rodríguez / Seth Lugo / Edwin Díaz (NYM):
- The five pitchers combine to throw the second no-hitter in franchise history by defeating the Philadelphia Phillies 3–0 on April 29. It was accomplished on 12 strikeouts and six walks on 159 total pitches. Megill pitched the first five innings. It is the 17th combined no-hitter in league history. This was also the 20th time that the Phillies have been no-hit in their history, which ties them with the Los Angeles Dodgers for the most times being no-hit of any franchise, which includes the postseason.[42]
- Reid Detmers (LAA):
- Detmers threw his first career no-hitter, and the 12th no-hitter in franchise history, by defeating the Tampa Bay Rays 12–0 on May 10. He struck out two, throwing 68 strikes on 108 pitches. His only two baserunners came via a walk in the sixth inning and a fielding error in the seventh. Making his 11th career start, Detmers became the 25th rookie and youngest Angels pitcher in history to throw a no-hitter.[43]
Miscellaneous
- Houston Astros:
- Won their 10th consecutive Opening Day contest by defeating the Los Angeles Angels 3–1 on April 7, tying the Major League record set by the Boston Beaneaters (1887–1896).[44]
- Tied the Major League record by hitting five home runs in an inning against the Boston Red Sox on May 17. With their second-inning onslaught, this became the eighth time in league history that this feat was accomplished.[45]
- Bud Black (COL):
- Won his 1,000th game as a manager as the Rockies defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers on April 10. He becomes the 66th manager to reach this mark.[46]
- Alyssa Nakken (SF):
- Became the first woman in Major League history to coach on-field during a regular season game on April 12. She coached first-base against the San Diego Padres after Giants coach Antoan Richardson was ejected.[47]
- Tampa Bay Rays:
- Became the first team in Major League history to lose a no-hitter in extra innings and win in a walk-off on April 23. The Rays had a combined no-hitter broken up in the top of the 10th by the Boston Red Sox, and won the game in the bottom of the inning.[48]
- Dusty Baker (HOU):
- Won his 2,000th game as a manager as the Astros defeated the Seattle Mariners on May 3. He becomes the 12th manager to reach this mark.[49]
- Pittsburgh Pirates:
- With their 1–0 win over the Cincinnati Reds on May 15, the Pirates became the sixth team since 1901 to win a game, despite being no-hit. However, the Reds only pitched eight innings, so it is not officially counted as a no-hitter by the Elias Sports Bureau.[50]
- Yadier Molina (STL):
- Set the Major League record for most putouts by a catcher by catching a foul ball on June 14 against the Pittsburgh Pirates. In the sixth inning, Molina caught the record-breaking pop off the bat of Ke'Bryan Hayes. Molina's 14,685th putout broke the record held by Ivan Rodriguez.[51]
Awards and honors
Monthly awards
Player of the Month
|
Rookie of the Month
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Pitcher of the Month
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Reliever of the Month
|
Uniforms
Wholesale changes
- The renamed Cleveland Guardians use a new "Guardians" wordmark logo, a "diamond C" logo on the caps, and an alternate "winged G" logo on the right sleeve of the home uniforms. The players' names and numbers are also printed in a new font that the team states "represents the unique characteristics of Cleveland with angular letters and numbers that mimic the architecture" of the Hope Memorial Bridge and its Guardians of Traffic statues. Other than that, the red, white and blue color schemes on the regular home and road uniforms, the red alternate home uniform, and the blue alternate road uniform basically remain unchanged.[52]
- The Royals have made some stylistic changes, including using "Kansas City" in block letters on the road uniforms.[53]
- The Rays modified their Columbia blue alternate uniform, replacing the wordmark with the alternate sunburst logo.
- All teams wore modified uniforms on April 15, Jackie Robinson Day. The back of each uniform has Robinson's no. 42 rendered in a bold Dodger blue font. Patches on the left sleeve contain the no. 42 rendered in the team's regular number font.
City Connect uniforms
Major League Baseball and Nike announced that an additional seven teams will take part in the "City Connect" program. These teams will join the Arizona Diamondbacks, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, Miami Marlins, and the San Francisco Giants who unveiled last season's uniforms.[54]
- The Nationals' "City Connect" uniform featured an anthracite base, pink accents and printed cherry blossoms in honor of the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival.[55]
- The Astros' "City Connect" uniform featured an navy base, tequila sunset accents (suggestive of its 70s and 80s rainbow uniforms), "Space City" stenciled in the NASA 'worm' font on the front, and a hat with a planet revolving around a futuristic version of the "H-star" logo, in honor of Houston being home to the Johnson Space Center.[56]
- The Royals' "City Connect" uniform featured a navy base and powder blue accents, and a stylized "KC" insignia in homage to Kansas City's "City of Fountains" nickname.[57]
- The Rockies' "City Connect" uniform featured a green base, purple accents, Colorado written on the front and a special logo on the cap in order of the state of "Colorado" License plates. [58]
- The Angels' "City Connect" uniform featured a sand base, red accents and "Angels" written on the front in honor of the beaches in Southern California. [59]
- The Brewers' "City Connect" uniform featured a powder blue base, navy accents, yellow and white striping and MKE on the hat in honor of being in Milwaukee during the summer. [60]
Anniversaries and special events
- All dates as scheduled and subject to change
Team | Special occasion[citation needed] |
---|---|
All teams | #42 patch for Jackie Robinson Day (April 15, commemoration of 75th anniversary)[61] |
Pink ribbons for breast cancer awareness (May 8, Mother's Day) | |
Patch for Armed Forces Day (May 21)
Camouflage caps for Armed Forces Day weekend (May 20-22) | |
Poppy for Memorial Day (May 30) | |
"4-ALS" patch for Lou Gehrig Day (June 2) | |
"Play Ball" patch in partnership with USA Baseball and USA Softball (June 10–12) | |
Blue ribbons for prostate cancer (June 19, Father's Day) | |
Gold ribbons for childhood cancer (August 26) | |
Atlanta Braves | 2021 World Series championship (April 9) |
Baltimore Orioles | 30th anniversary of Oriole Park at Camden Yards[62] |
Boston Red Sox | 15th anniversary of 2007 World Series championship #2 patch in memory of Jerry Remy[63] |
Detroit Tigers | "KB" patch in memory of first base coach Kimera Bartee[64] |
Houston Astros | 60th anniversary season[65] |
Kansas City Royals | Signature in memory of long-time scout Art Stewart[66] |
Los Angeles Angels | 20th anniversary of 2002 World Series championship |
Los Angeles Dodgers | 2022 All-Star Game, 60th Anniversary at Dodger Stadium |
Miami Marlins | 25th anniversary of 1997 World Series championship |
Minnesota Twins | 35th anniversary of 1987 World Series championship |
New York Mets | 60th anniversary season; Tom Seaver statue dedication (April 15)[67] |
New York Yankees | 45th anniversary of 1977 World Series championship |
Oakland Athletics | 50th anniversary of 1972 World Series championship "RAY" patch in memory of Ray Fosse (white jersey only)[68] |
San Francisco Giants | 10th anniversary of 2012 World Series championship |
St. Louis Cardinals | 40th anniversary of 1982 World Series championship |
Texas Rangers | 50th anniversary season[69] |
Toronto Blue Jays | 30th anniversary of 1992 World Series championship |
Broadcasting rights
Television
National
This is the first year of the new seven year deals with ESPN, Fox Sports, Turner Sports, Apple, NBC Sports/Peacock, and MLB Network.
Fox Sports renewed its television rights for regular season games for both the main Fox broadcast network and FS1. For the first time since 2013, Fox will air at least two or three games each Saturday evening beginning May 28 (except two weeks in September which will air on Thursday nights due to college football), as Fox’s new contract will ensure more games air on the Fox network. Fox will broadcast the 2022 MLB All-Star Game and the 2022 MLB at Field of Dreams game.[70]
The ESPN networks will see a decrease in its games from prior years. ESPN will continue to air the national opening night game, this year airing on ESPN2 due to ESPN covering the Masters on the main network, and 25 exclusive Sunday Night Baseball telecasts as well as the Home Run Derby and other select telecasts. Under the new deals, ESPN will no longer televise weekly telecasts on Monday or Wednesday nights.[71] ABC and ESPN2 will also carry select games this season. ESPN+ will also air daily games which will simulcast regional sports network broadcasts, unlike ESPN’s NHL package, with blackout restrictions applicable.[72]
TBS will see an increase in its games, switching from airing 13 late season Sunday afternoon games to a weekly Tuesday night game all season long.[73]
MLB Network will continue to show their usual slate of games under their Showcase package.
Apple TV+ is the first non-television platform to air exclusive MLB games on a regular basis. Two games will air on Friday nights and are available in the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Japan, Mexico, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. For the first 12 weeks of the season games will be free, following that time fans must pay for Apple TV+ to watch the games. Apple TV+ also offers "MLB Big Inning," a live show featuring highlights and look-ins airing every weeknight during the regular season.[74]
After airing a three-game weekend series between the Phillies and Giants last season, the streaming service Peacock signed a regular deal for a new Sunday morning package. The first game under the new 18-game package will also be simulcast on NBC, who will air their first game since the 2000 ALCS. The rest of the package will air exclusively on Peacock’s premium service.
For a fourth straight year, YouTube will air 15 exclusive weekday afternoon games.[75]
Under the new deals, the ESPN networks (including ABC) hold exclusive rights to the new Wild Card rounds created by the expanded playoffs.[76] The rest of the postseason rights remain the same, including the annual league rotation among the networks. The rest of the American League postseason, the ALDS and ALCS, will air on TBS, while the rest of the National League postseason will mostly air on Fox and FS1, which include the NLDS (most games) and NLCS exclusively, with MLB Network airing two games in the NLDS (one in each of the series). The World Series will be carried by Fox for the 23rd straight year.[70][71][73]
With the move of Joe Buck to ESPN and Monday Night Football (and any role he holds involving ESPN's baseball coverage is to be determined), Fox Sports has named Joe Davis as his replacement;[77] Buck had called World Series games since Fox's first in 1996, and exclusively since the 2000 Series.
Local
- Amazon Prime will exclusively stream 21 Yankees games in the Yankees home market. These games formerly were allocated to WPIX (which retains a sub-licensed 28-game Mets package from SNY).
- Kevin Brown became the new play-by-play voice for the Baltimore Orioles on MASN, replacing Scott Garceau.
- Kevin Frandsen became the new color commentator for the Washington Nationals on MASN, replacing F. P. Santangelo.
- Dallas Braden became the new primary color commentator for the Oakland Athletics on NBC Sports California, replacing Ray Fosse.
Radio
National
- ESPN Radio will air its 25th season of national coverage, including Sunday Night Baseball, Saturday games, Opening Day, the Home Run Derby, All-Star Game, and the entire Major League Baseball postseason.
- TUDN Radio will air Spanish-language coverage of select regular season and postseason games, including the Home Run Derby, the All-Star Game and the World Series.[78]
Local
- On September 28, 2021, Dodgers Radio announcer Jaime Jarrín announced he plans to retire after the 2022 season, his 64th as part of Dodgers Spanish Radio Broadcast team. Jarrín, who turned 86 in December, will only work Dodgers home games in 2022.[79]
- On March 31, 2022, the New York Mets and Audacy announced that the team's games would be openly streamed on WCBS's Audacy app stream and the Mets website throughout the Mets' territory to make up for shortfalls in the team's radio network, which since 2020 has only consisted of WCBS and WPSL in Ft. Pierce, Florida, where its spring training site is based. Audacy will also produce a Spanish-language broadcast for WEPN, which will also be available through the Audacy app.[80]
Retirements
The following players retired during the 2022 season and before the start of the 2023 campaign:
- Tony Watson – April 18[81]
- Jake Arrieta – April 18[82]
- Jon Jay – April 27[83]
- Gerardo Parra – May 8[84]
- Joe Panik – May 19[85]
- J. A. Happ – May 26[86]
- Russell Martin – May 28[87]
Retired numbers
- Gil Hodges had his No. 14 retired by the Los Angeles Dodgers on June 4. This was the 11th number retired by the team.[88]
- Ryan Zimmerman is set to have his No. 11 retired by the Washington Nationals on June 18. This will be the first number retired by the Nationals.[89]
- Keith Hernandez is set to have his No. 17 retired by the New York Mets on July 9. It will be the seventh number retired by the team.[90]
- Jim Kaat is set to have his No. 36 retired by the Minnesota Twins on July 16. It will be the eighth number retired by the team.[91]
- Will Clark is set to have his No. 22 retired by the San Francisco Giants on July 30. He will be the 11th Giant to have his number retired.[92]
- Lou Whitaker is set to have his No. 1 retired by the Detroit Tigers on August 6. It will be the 11th number retired by the team.[93]
- Paul O'Neill is set to have his No. 21 retired by the New York Yankees on August 21. It will be the 23rd number retired by the team.[94]
- Dave Stewart is set to have his No. 34 retired by the Oakland Athletics on September 11. He will be the sixth player to have his number retired by the franchise and will be the second player to have the number retired in honor of them after it was originally retired in 1993 for Rollie Fingers.[95]
See also
References
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