M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System | |
---|---|
Type | Rocket artillery Tactical ballistic missile |
Place of origin | United States |
Service history | |
In service | 2010–present |
Wars | War in Afghanistan Syrian Civil War[1] Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)[2] 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine |
Production history | |
Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin Missiles & Fire Control |
Unit cost | $5.1 million (cost of launcher and all ammo required) (2014)[3] (equivalent to $5.6 million in 2020)[4] |
No. built | 540[5] |
Specifications | |
Mass | 16,250 kg (35,800 lb)[6] |
Length | 7 m (23 ft 0 in) |
Width | 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) |
Height | 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in) |
Crew | 3 |
Traverse | 360 |
Effective firing range | 2–300 km (1.2–190 mi) M30/31 GMLRS: 84 km (52 mi) |
Maximum firing range | 300 km (190 mi) for ATACMS,[7] 500 km (310 mi) for Precision Strike Missile[8] |
Armor | light |
Main armament | 6 × 227 mm M30/M31 series rockets, or 2 PrSM missiles, or 1 ATACMS missile |
Operational range | 480 km (300 mi) |
Maximum speed | 85 km/h (53 mph) |
The M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) is a light multiple rocket launcher developed in the late 1990s for the United States Army and mounted on a standard Army M1140 truck frame.
The M142 carries one pod with either six GMLRS rockets, or two PrSM missiles, or one ATACMS missile on the U.S. Army's new Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) five-ton truck and can launch the entire Multiple Launch Rocket System Family of Munitions (MFOM). M142 ammunition pods are interchangeable with the M270 MLRS; however, it is able to carry only one pod rather than the standard two for the M270 and its variants.
The launcher can be transported by Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft.[9] The chassis was initially produced by BAE Systems Mobility & Protection Systems (formerly Armor Holdings Aerospace and Defense Group Tactical Vehicle Systems Division), the original equipment manufacturer of the FMTV. It was produced by the Oshkosh Corporation from 2010 to 2017.[10] Both chassis and launcher system are now produced by Lockheed Martin Missiles & Fire Control in Camden, Arkansas.[11]
Deployment
The M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) is a wheeled version of the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS). The M142 mounts one pod, which is identical to the pods used by the M270 giving the M142 50% of the latter's firepower. The windows of the launcher truck are made of glass and layers of sapphire.[12]
M142 was also tested as a common launcher for both artillery rockets and the SLAMRAAM surface-launched variant of the AMRAAM anti-aircraft missile.[13]
In October 2017, a Marine Corps M142 fired a rocket while at sea against a land target for the first time from the deck of the amphibious transport dock USS Anchorage, demonstrating the system's ability to operate while on ships to deliver precision fire from a standoff range against shore defenses.[14] The vehicle's targeting software was reworked so it can better fire while on a constantly moving and maneuvering launch platform.[15]
Singapore
In 2007, the Singapore Army proposed acquiring M142 systems, including 24 M142 launchers, 9 FMTV 5-ton trucks and XM31 unitary HE GMLRS pods, plus associated support and communications equipment and services. This proposed package is notable for not including M26 unguided MLRS rockets. In late 2009, Singapore took delivery of the first M142 firing unit and achieved full operating capability. The 23rd Battalion, Singapore artillery, commissioned its M142 battery on 5 September 2011, marking it the first fully GPS-guided M142 unit.[16][17][18]
Operational history
On February 14, 2010, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) for Afghanistan indicated in a press release that two rockets fired from a M142 unit were believed to have fallen 300 metres short of their intended target, killing 12 civilians during Operation Moshtarak. ISAF suspended the use of the M142 until a full review of the incident was completed.[19] A British officer later said that the rockets were on target, that the target was in use by the Taliban, and that use of the system has been reinstated.[20] Reports indicated that the civilian deaths were due to the Taliban's use of human shields; the presence of civilians at that location had not been known to the ISAF forces.[21] An October 21, 2010 report in the New York Times credited the M142 with aiding the NATO offensive in Kandahar by targeting Taliban commanders' hideouts, forcing many to flee to Pakistan, at least temporarily.[22]
In November 2015, the United States Army revealed that it had deployed the M142 to Iraq, firing at least 400 rockets at the Islamic State since the beginning of that summer.[23] M142 detachments were sent to Al Asad Airbase and Al-Taqaddum Air Base in Al Anbar Governorate. On March 4, 2016, a US Army M142 fired rockets into Syria in support of Syrian rebels fighting ISIL for the first time, with the launchers based in neighboring Jordan.[24]
In January 2016, Lockheed announced that the M142 had reached 1 million operational hours with U.S. forces, achieving a 99 percent operational readiness rate.[25]
On April 26, 2016, it was announced that the U.S. would be deploying the M142 in Turkey near the border with Syria as part of the battle with ISIL.[26] In early September, international media and the U.S. State Department reported a newly deployed M142 had engaged ISIL targets in Syria near the Turkish border.[27][28][29]
In October 2016, M142s were stationed at Qayyarah Airfield West, some 65 kilometers south of Mosul, taking part in the Battle of Mosul.[30]
On June 14, 2017, a M142 was deployed at Al-Tanf Syria to support U.S.-backed rebels in the area.[31][32]
On May 24, 2018, a M142 strike killed 50 Taliban fighters and leaders in Musa Qala, Afghanistan.[33] Three rockets struck the building within a 14-second timespan.[34]
In September 2018, US support forces coordinated with Syrian Democratic Forces fighting to defeat ISIS in east Syria in the Deir ez-Zor campaign, sometimes striking ISIS positions with GMLRS rockets 30 times per day.[35][36][37][38][39] The M142 systems used in this support operation were located in the Omar Oilfields, some 25 km north of the ISIS-controlled targets.[40]
On June 25, 2022, Ukraine started deploying the system against Russian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. According to Ukraine's General Staff, Valeriy Zaluzhnyi: "Artillerymen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine skilfully hit certain targets – military targets of the enemy on our, Ukrainian, territory".[41] The Ukrainian military claimed during this strike over 40 soldiers were killed including a Colonel Andrei Vasilyev. The strike occurred at a Russian base in Izyum.[42]
On 1 July 2022, a US defence official told reporters that Ukraine has been using the system to destroy Russian command posts: “What you see is the Ukrainians are actually systematically selecting targets and then accurately hitting them, thus providing this, you know, precise method of degrading Russian capability,” [43]
Rockets and missiles
The M142 system can fire the following rockets and missiles:
MLRS
The M28 rockets are a variant of the unguided M26 rockets of the M270 system.[44] Each rocket pod contains 6 identical rockets.
- M28 practice rockets. A M26 variant with three ballast containers and three smoke-marking containers in place of the submunition payload.
- M28A1 Reduced-Range Practice Rocket (RRPR) with blunt nose. Range reduced to 9 km.
- M28A2 Low-Cost Reduced-Range Practice Rocket (LCRRPR) with blunt nose. Range reduced to 9 km.
GMLRS
GMLRS rockets have an extended range and add GPS-aided guidance to their Inertial Navigation System. GMLRS rockets were introduced in 2005 and the M30 and M31 rockets are, except for their warheads, identical.[45] As of 1 December 2021 50,000 GMLRS rockets have been produced,[46] with yearly production now exceeding 9,000 rockets. Each rocket pod contains 6 identical rockets.
- M30 rockets carrying 404 DPICM M101 submunitions. Range: 15–84 km. 3,936 produced between 2004 and 2009, production ceased in favor of the M30A1.[45] The remaining M30 rockets are being updated with either the M30A1 or M31A1 warhead.[44]
- M30A1 rockets with Alternative Warhead (AW). Range: 15–84 km. GMLRS rocket that replaces the M30's submunitions with approximately 182,000 pre-formed tungsten fragments for area effects without unexploded ordnance.[47] Entered production in 2015.[45][44]
- M30A2 rockets with Alternative Warhead (AW). Range: 15–84 km. Improved M30A1 with Insensitive Munition Propulsion System (IMPS). Only M30 variant in production since 2019.[48]
- M31 rockets with 200 lb high-explosive unitary warhead. Range: 15–84 km. Entered production in 2005. The warhead is produced by General Dynamics and contains 51 pounds of PBX-109 high explosive in a steel blast-fragmentation case.[49]
- M31A1 rockets with 200 lb high-explosive unitary warhead. Range: 15–84 km. Improved M31.
- M31A2 rockets with 200 lb high-explosive unitary warhead. Range: 15–84 km. Improved M31A1 with Insensitive Munition Propulsion System (IMPS). Only M31 variant in production since 2019.
- ER GMLRS rockets with extended range of up to 150 km (93 mi).[50] Rockets use a slightly increased rocket motor size, a newly designed hull, and tail-driven guidance while still containing six per pod. It will come in unitary and AW variants.[51] The first successful test flight of an ER GMLRS occurred in March 2021.[52] Lockheed Martin anticipates cutting the ER into its production line in the fiscal year 2023 contract award, and is planning to produce the new rockets at its Camden facility. Full operational capability is planned for 2025.[53] In 2022 Finland became the first foreign customer to order ER GMLRS.[54]
ATACMS
The Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) is a series of 610 mm surface-to-surface missile (SSM) with a range of up to 300 km. Each rocket pod contains one ATACMS missile. As of 2022 only the M48, M57, and M57E1 remain in the US military's arsenal.
- M39 (ATACMS BLOCK I) missile with inertial guidance. The missile carries 950 M74 Anti-personnel and Anti‑materiel (APAM) bomblets. Range: 25–165 km. 1,650 M39 were produced between 1990 and 1997, when production ceased in favor of the M39A1. During Desert Storm 32 M39 were fired at Iraqi targets, and during Operation Iraqi Freedom a further 379 M39 were fired.[45][44] The remaining M39 missiles are being updated to M57E1 missiles.[55][56] The M39 is the only ATACMS variant, which can be fired by all M270 and M142 variants.
- M39A1 (ATACMS BLOCK IA) missile with GPS-aided guidance. The missile carries 300 M74 APAM bomblets. Range: 20–300 km. 610 M39A1 were produced between 1997 and 2003. During Operation Iraqi Freedom 74 M39A1 were fired at Iraqi targets.[45][44] The remaining M39A1 missiles are being updated to M57E1 missiles.[55][56] The M39A1 and all subsequently introduced ATACMS missiles can be used only with the M270A1 (or variants thereof) and the M142.
- M48 (ATACMS Quick Reaction Unitary (QRU)) missile with GPS-aided guidance. The missile carries the 500 lb WDU-18/B penetrating high-explosive blast fragmentation warhead of the US Navy's Harpoon anti-ship missile. Range: 70–300 km. 176 M48 were produced between 2001 and 2004, when production ceased in favor of the M57. During Operation Iraqi Freedom 16 M48 were fired at Iraqi targets; a further 42 M48 were fired during Operation Enduring Freedom.[45][44] The remaining M48 missiles remain in the US Army and US Marine Corps' arsenal.
- M57 (ATACMS TACMS 2000) missile with GPS-aided guidance. The missile carries the same WDU-18/B warhead as the M48. Range: 70–300 km. 513 M57 were produced between 2004 and 2013.[45][44]
- M57E1 (ATACMS Modification (MOD) missile with GPS-aided guidance. The M57E1 is the designation for upgraded M39 and M39A1 with re-grained motor, updated navigation and guidance software and hardware, and a WDU-18/B unitary warhead instead of the M74 APAM bomblets. The M57E1 ATACMS MOD also includes a proximity sensor for airburst detonation.[55] Production commenced in 2017 with an initial order for 220 upgraded M57E1.[45][44] The program is slated to end in 2024 with the introduction of the Precision Strike Missile (PrSM), which will replace the ATACMS missiles in the US arsenal.
PrSM
The Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) is a new series of GPS-guided missiles, which will begin to replace ATACMS missiles from 2024. PrSM carries a newly designed area-effects warhead and has a range of 60–499 km. PrSM missiles can be launched from the M270A2 and the M142, with rockets pods containing 2 missiles. As of 2022 the PrSM is in low-rate initial production with 110 missiles being delivered to the US military over the year. PrSM will enter operational service in 2023.[57][45][58]
Specifications
Crew: | 3: Gunner, Driver, and Launcher Chief |
Weight: | 16,200 kg (35,800 lb) |
Length: | 7 m |
Width: | 2.4 m |
Height: | 3.2 m |
Vehicle Range: | 480 km |
Road Speed: | 85 km/h |
Armament: | 1 pod with 6 M30/M31 series GMLRS rockets, or 2 PrSM missiles, or 1 ATACMS missile |
Related developments
Lockheed Martin UK and INSYS had jointly developed a demonstrator rocket artillery system similar to M142 for the British Army's 'Lightweight Mobile Artillery Weapon System/Rocket' (LIMAWS(R)) program. The system consisted of a single MLRS pod, mounted on a Supacat SPV600 chassis.[59] The LIMAWS(R) program was cancelled in September 2007.[60]
Operators
Current operators
- Active duty
- 17th Field Artillery Brigade (17th FAB)
- 5th Battalion 3rd Field Artillery Regiment (5-3rd FAR)
- 1st Battalion 94th Field Artillery Regiment (1-94th FAR)
- 18th Field Artillery Brigade (18th FAB)
- 3rd Battalion 27th Field Artillery Regiment (3-27th FAR)
- 3rd Battalion 321st Field Artillery Regiment (3-321st FAR)
- 75th Field Artillery Brigade (75th FAB)[61]
- 1st Battalion 14th Field Artillery Regiment
- 17th Field Artillery Brigade (17th FAB)
- Army National Guard (ARNG)
- 45th Field Artillery Brigade (Oklahoma Army National Guard)
- 1st Battalion, 158th Field Artillery Regiment (Oklahoma Army National Guard)
- 4th Battalion, 133rd Field Artillery Regiment (Texas Army National Guard)
- 65th Field Artillery Brigade (Utah Army National Guard)
- 5th Battalion 113th Field Artillery Regiment (North Carolina Army National Guard)
- 115th Field Artillery Brigade (Wyoming Army National Guard)
- 1st Battalion 121st Field Artillery Regiment(Wisconsin Army National Guard)
- 2nd Battalion 300th Field Artillery Regiment (Wyoming Army National Guard)
- 130th Field Artillery Brigade (Kansas Army National Guard)
- 2nd Battalion 130th Field Artillery Regiment (Kansas Army National Guard)
- 138th Field Artillery Brigade (Kentucky Army National Guard)
- 3rd Battalion 116th Field Artillery Regiment (Florida Army National Guard)
- 1st Battalion 623rd Field Artillery Regiment (Kentucky Army National Guard)
- 142nd Field Artillery Brigade (Arkansas Army National Guard)
- 1st Battalion 181st Field Artillery Regiment (Tennessee National Guard)
- 169th Field Artillery Brigade (Colorado Army National Guard)
- 3rd Battalion 157th Field Artillery Regiment (Colorado Army National Guard)
- 197th Field Artillery Brigade (New Hampshire Army National Guard)
- 3rd Battalion 197th Field Artillery Regiment (New Hampshire Army National Guard)
- 1st Battalion 182nd Field Artillery Regiment (Michigan Army National Guard)
- 45th Field Artillery Brigade (Oklahoma Army National Guard)
- United States Marine Corps
- Romanian Land Forces (54)[62]
- 8th Tactical Operational Missile Brigade operates the 310 km variant[63]
- Singapore Army (24)
- 23rd Battalion, Singapore Artillery (23 SA)[64]
- Royal Jordanian Army (12)
- 29th HIMARS Battalion, Jordan Royal Artillery Command
On 31 May 2022, the White House informed the press that the US would be supplying M142 launchers to Ukraine with M31 GMLRS unitary rockets.[65][66][67] On 1 June 2022, it was reported that four units will be sent for training purposes. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Colin Kahl stated that the US would be able to send more systems as the fighting evolves.[68] On June 23, 2022, the first HIMARS arrived in Ukraine according to Ukraine's Defense Minister Oleksii Reznikov.[69] On June 25, 2022, Ukraine started deploying the system according to Ukraine's General Staff, Valeriy Zaluzhnyi: "Artillerymen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine skilfully hit certain targets – military targets of the enemy on our, Ukrainian, territory".[41]
Future operators
New Multiple Launch Rocket System. Program WR-300 "Homar" Poland. Multiple Launch Rocket System Cooperation between Huta Stalowa Wola, ZM Mesko and Lockheed Martin; 160 launchers are to be acquired, and to be mounted on a Jelcz 663 6×6 chassis.[70][71] In October 2018, Poland officially requested the purchase of the rocket launchers, after the US Department of Defense cleared the purchase of up to 56 launchers in November 2017.[72][73] On 29 November 2018 the US State Department approved the sale to Poland.[74] Poland will acquire at least 20 M142 launchers.[75][76] On May 26, 2022 the Ministry of National Defence announced that it had sent an inquiry regarding the acquisition of another 500 M142 launchers.[77][78]
The Pentagon reported that the Australian Army has asked to purchase 20 M142 launchers, with the sale being approved by the U.S. State Department on 26 May 2022.[79][80]
On 21 October 2020, the Trump administration approved the sale of 11 M142 launchers to Taiwan.[81][82]
Potential operators
The Department of National Defence considered the purchase of M142. The former Chief of the Land Staff, Lieutenant-General Andrew Leslie, said the plan to acquire rocket launchers was something that "would be considered much further down the road—possibly in the 2012 time frame.[83][84][85][86]
In February 2022, it was announced that Hungary was considering purchasing the M142 system. At the announcement it was not revealed as to the exact number of artillery pieces to be purchased.[87]
The Netherlands have shown interest in the M142 system as one of several options to create a long-range artillery capability as part of improving the overall firepower of the Armed Forces as the MLRS system was phased out (2004) as part of cost savings.
In December 2012, Qatar notified the U.S. of a possible Foreign Military Sale of seven M142 systems, as well as 60 M57 MGM-140 ATACMS Block 1A T2K unitary rockets and 30 M31A1 Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) unitary rockets. The deal would cost an estimated $406 million.[88]
The South China Morning Post, citing a report from the Center for a New American Security in an article dated 2 April 2019, said that the governments of the Philippines and the United States are discussing the potential sale or deployment of the M142 to the former to deter China's "militarization" of artificial islands in contested areas of the South China Sea. If deployed, the long-range, precision-guided rockets fired by the system would be able to strike Chinese man-made islands on reefs in the Spratly Islands. However, the two sides have been unable to reach a deal because the M142 could be too expensive for the Philippines given its limited budget.[89]
Sweden has shown interest in the M142 system as one of several options to create a long-range artillery capability. In October 2021, the system was involved in exercises on the Swedish island of Gotland.[90]
See also
- List of U.S. Army rocket launchers
- 9A52-4 Tornado – Russian long-range multiple launch rocket system
- A-100 – Chinese long-range multiple launch rocket systems
- A-200 – Chinese long-range multiple launch rocket systems
- Astros II MLRS
- BM-27 Uragan – Soviet/Russian multiple launch rocket system
- BM-30 Smerch – Soviet/Russian multiple launch rocket system
- Fajr-5 – Iranian long-range multiple launch rocket system
- K239 Chunmoo – South Korean long-range multiple launch rocket system
- Pinaka – Indian long-range multiple launch rocket system
- T-122 Sakarya – Turkish multiple launch rocket system
- TOROS – Turkish long-range multiple launch rocket system
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{{cite web}}
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Men from 23 SA had commenced training with the US Army's HIMARS in March 2009.
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External links
- M142 HIMARS Lockheed Martin High Mobility Artillery Rocket System(Army recognition)
- High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS)
- Lockheed-Martin: HIMARS
- DoD Press Release on Proposed HIMARS Sale to Singapore
- Information about M26/M30/M31 MLRS rockets on designation-systems.net
- MERX Release on Proposed HIMARS to the Canadian Forces in 2010
- Use of HIMARS system suspended in Afghanistan after 12 civilians killed by 300m targeting error