Below is a chronological listing of the United States senators from Massachusetts. According to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution adopted in 1913, U.S. senators are popularly elected for a six-year term. Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1, and terms begin on January 3, about two months after the vote. Before 1914, and the enforcement of the Seventeenth Amendment, the state's U.S. senators were chosen by the Massachusetts General Court, and before 1935, their terms began March 4.
The current senators are Democrats Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey. Ted Kennedy was Massachusetts's longest-serving senator, serving from 1962 until his death in 2009.
Mid-term vacancy appointment processes
Through the 20th century, mid-term vacancies were filled with the governor's appointee, with the appointment expiring at the next biennial state election. In 2004, the Democratic-controlled state legislature changed the vacancy-filling process, mandating that a special election occur, which removed the governor's appointment power. This statute was enacted over the veto by the governor, Mitt Romney. The leadership of the Massachusetts legislature at the time was concerned that the Republican Governor Mitt Romney would appoint a Republican if Democratic Senator John Kerry were elected president of the United States in the 2004 election.[1][2][3][4] Generally, the law requires a special election within 145 to 160 days from the date of the filing of a Senate resignation. The law contemplates resignations that become effective some period of time after the filing of the resignation, so long as the election occurs after effective date of the resignation.[5]
While terminally ill with brain cancer, Ted Kennedy requested that the Massachusetts legislature change the law to allow an interim appointment. Kennedy died shortly thereafter, and the legislature quickly passed a bill providing for an interim appointment.[6] On September 24, 2009, Governor Deval Patrick signed the bill, and appointed Paul G. Kirk, who had previously served as one of Kennedy's congressional aides and as chairman of the Democratic National Committee.
List of senators
Class 1 Class 1 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 2006, 2012, 2010 (special election), and 2018. The next election will be in 2024. |
C |
Class 2 Class 2 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 2008, 2013 (special election), 2014, and 2020. The next election will be in 2026. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | Senator | Party | Dates in office | Electoral history | T | T | Electoral history | Dates in office | Party | Senator | # | |
1 | ![]() Tristram Dalton |
Pro- Admin. |
March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791 |
Elected in 1788. Lost re-election. |
1 | 1st | 1 | Elected in 1788. | March 4, 1789 – June 1, 1796 |
Pro- Admin. |
![]() Caleb Strong |
1 |
2 | ![]() George Cabot |
Pro- Admin. |
March 4, 1791 – June 9, 1796 |
Elected in 1790. Resigned. |
2 | 2nd | ||||||
3rd | 2 | Re-elected in 1793. Resigned. | ||||||||||
Federalist | 4th | Federalist | ||||||||||
Vacant | June 9, 1796 – June 11, 1796 |
Vacant | Vacant | June 1, 1796 – June 11, 1796 |
Vacant | |||||||
3 | ![]() Benjamin Goodhue |
Federalist | June 11, 1796 – November 8, 1800 |
Elected to finish Cabot's term. | Elected to finish Strong's term. Retired to run for the U.S. House of Representatives. |
June 11, 1796 – March 3, 1799 |
Federalist | ![]() Theodore Sedgwick |
2 | |||
Also elected to full term in 1796. Resigned. |
3 | 5th | ||||||||||
6th | 3 | Elected June 14, 1798.[7] Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of War. |
March 4, 1799 – May 30, 1800 |
Federalist | ![]() Samuel Dexter |
3 | ||||||
Vacant | May 31, 1800 – June 5, 1800 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
Elected to finish Dexter's term.[8] Resigned. |
June 6, 1800 – March 3, 1803 |
Federalist | ![]() Dwight Foster |
4 | ||||||||
Vacant | November 8, 1800 – November 14, 1800 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
4 | ![]() Jonathan Mason |
Federalist | November 14, 1800 – March 3, 1803 |
Elected to finish Goodhue's term. | ||||||||
7th | ||||||||||||
Vacant | March 2, 1803 – March 3, 1803 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
5 | ![]() John Quincy Adams |
Federalist | March 4, 1803 – June 8, 1808 |
Elected February 7, 1803.[9] Resigned, having broken with the Federalist Party and lost re-election to the next term. |
4 | 8th | Elected to finish Foster's term. | March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1811 |
Federalist | ![]() Timothy Pickering |
5 | |
9th | 4 | Re-elected February 6, 1805.[10] Lost re-election. | ||||||||||
10th | ||||||||||||
6 | ![]() James Lloyd |
Federalist | June 9, 1808 – May 1, 1813 |
Elected to finish Adams's term, having already been elected to the next term. | ||||||||
Elected June 2, 1808.[11] Resigned. |
5 | 11th | ||||||||||
12th | 5 | The State Senate deadlocked in the 1810 election. | March 4, 1811 – June 28, 1811 |
Vacant | ||||||||
Elected June 6, 1811, to finish the vacant term. Unknown if retired or lost re-election. |
June 29, 1811 – March 3, 1817 |
Democratic- Republican |
![]() Joseph Bradley Varnum |
6 | ||||||||
13th | ||||||||||||
Vacant | May 1, 1813 – May 5, 1813 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
7 | ![]() Christopher Gore |
Federalist | May 5, 1813 – May 30, 1816 |
Appointed to finish Lloyd's term. | ||||||||
Elected to full term in 1815. Resigned, unhappy with the politics of Washington and suffering from poor health. |
6 | 14th | ||||||||||
Vacant | May 31, 1816 – June 11, 1816 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
8 | Eli P. Ashmun | Federalist | June 12, 1816 – May 10, 1818 |
Elected to finish Gore's term. Resigned. | ||||||||
15th | 6 | Elected June 12, 1816. Resigned to run for Mayor of Boston. |
March 4, 1817 – May 30, 1822 |
Federalist | ![]() Harrison Gray Otis |
7 | ||||||
Vacant | May 11, 1818 – June 4, 1818 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
9 | ![]() Prentiss Mellen |
Federalist | June 5, 1818 – May 15, 1820 |
Elected to finish Ashmun's term. Resigned to become Chief Justice of Maine. | ||||||||
16th | ||||||||||||
Vacant | May 16, 1820 – June 12, 1820 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
10 | ![]() Elijah H. Mills |
Federalist | June 12, 1820 – March 3, 1827 |
Elected to finish Mellen's term. | ||||||||
Re-elected in 1820. Lost re-election in 1826. |
7 | 17th | ||||||||||
Vacant | May 30, 1822 – June 5, 1822 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
Elected to finish Otis's term. | June 5, 1822 – May 23, 1826 |
Federalist | ![]() James Lloyd |
8 | ||||||||
18th | 7 | Re-elected in 1822. Resigned. | ||||||||||
National Republican |
19th | National Republican | ||||||||||
Vacant | May 23, 1826 – May 31, 1826 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
Elected to finish Lloyd's term. | May 31, 1826 – March 3, 1835 |
National Republican |
![]() Nathaniel Silsbee |
9 | ||||||||
Vacant | March 4, 1827 – June 8, 1827 |
Vacant | 8 | 20th | ||||||||
11 | ![]() Daniel Webster |
National Republican |
June 8, 1827 – February 22, 1841 |
Elected late in 1827. | ||||||||
21st | 8 | Re-elected in 1828. Retired. | ||||||||||
22nd | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1833. | 9 | 23rd | ||||||||||
24th | 9 | Elected in 1835. Resigned to become Governor of Massachusetts. |
March 4, 1835 – January 5, 1841 |
National Republican |
![]() John Davis |
10 | ||||||
Whig | 25th | Whig | ||||||||||
Re-elected in 1839. Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of State. |
10 | 26th | ||||||||||
Vacant | January 5, 1841 – January 13, 1841 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
Elected to finish Davis's term. | January 13, 1841 – March 16, 1845 |
Whig | ![]() Isaac C. Bates |
11 | ||||||||
12 | ![]() Rufus Choate |
Whig | February 23, 1841 – March 3, 1845 |
Elected to finish Webster's term. Retired. | ||||||||
27th | 10 | Elected to full term in 1841. Died. | ||||||||||
28th | ||||||||||||
13 | ![]() Daniel Webster |
Whig | March 4, 1845 – July 22, 1850 |
Elected in 1845. Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of State again. |
11 | 29th | ||||||
Vacant | March 16, 1845 – March 24, 1845 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
Elected to finish Bates's term. | March 24, 1845 – March 3, 1853 |
Whig | ![]() John Davis |
12 | ||||||||
30th | 11 | Re-elected in 1847. Retired. | ||||||||||
31st | ||||||||||||
Vacant | July 23, 1850 – July 30, 1850 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
14 | ![]() Robert Charles Winthrop |
Whig | July 30, 1850 – February 1, 1851 |
Appointed to continue Webster's term. Lost election to finish Webster's term. | ||||||||
15 | ![]() Robert Rantoul, Jr. |
Democratic | February 1, 1851 – March 3, 1851 |
Elected to finish Webster's term. Retired. | ||||||||
Vacant | March 4, 1851 – April 24, 1851 |
In 1851, Democrats gained control of the Massachusetts General Court in coalition with the Free Soilers. However, the legislature deadlocked on who should succeed Daniel Webster. Democrats refused to vote for Charles Sumner (the Free Soilers' choice). Sumner was eventually elected late. | 12 | 32nd | ||||||||
16 | ![]() Charles Sumner |
Free Soil | April 24, 1851 – March 11, 1874 | |||||||||
33rd | 12 | Elected in 1853. Resigned. |
March 4, 1853 – June 1, 1854 |
Whig | ![]() Edward Everett |
13 | ||||||
Vacant | June 1, 1854 – June 3, 1854 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
Appointed to continue Everett's term. Successor was elected. |
June 3, 1854 – January 31, 1855 |
Whig | ![]() Julius Rockwell |
14 | ||||||||
Elected to finish Everett's term. | January 31, 1855 – March 3, 1873 |
Free Soil | ![]() Henry Wilson |
15 | ||||||||
34th | Republican | |||||||||||
Republican | Re-elected in 1857. | 13 | 35th | |||||||||
36th | 13 | Re-elected in 1859. | ||||||||||
37th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1863. | 14 | 38th | ||||||||||
39th | 14 | Re-elected in 1865. | ||||||||||
40th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1869. Died. |
15 | 41st | ||||||||||
42nd | 15 | Re-elected in 1871. Resigned to become the Vice President of the United States. | ||||||||||
Liberal Republican | 43rd | Vacant | March 3, 1873 – March 17, 1873 |
Vacant | ||||||||
Elected to finish Wilson's term. Lost renomination. |
March 17, 1873 – March 3, 1877 |
Republican | ![]() George S. Boutwell |
16 | ||||||||
Vacant | March 12, 1874 – April 16, 1874 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
17 | ![]() William B. Washburn |
Republican | April 17, 1874 – March 3, 1875 |
Elected to finish Sumner's term. Retired. | ||||||||
18 | ![]() Henry L. Dawes |
Republican | March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1893 |
Elected in 1875. | 16 | 44th | ||||||
45th | 16 | Elected in 1877. | March 4, 1877 – September 30, 1904 |
Republican | ![]() George Frisbie Hoar |
17 | ||||||
46th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1881. | 17 | 47th | ||||||||||
48th | 17 | Re-elected in 1883. | ||||||||||
49th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1887. Retired. |
18 | 50th | ||||||||||
51st | 18 | Re-elected in 1889. | ||||||||||
52nd | ||||||||||||
19 | ![]() Henry Cabot Lodge |
Republican | March 4, 1893 – November 9, 1924 |
Elected in 1893. | 19 | 53rd | ||||||
54th | 19 | Re-elected in 1895. | ||||||||||
55th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1899. | 20 | 56th | ||||||||||
57th | 20 | Re-elected in 1901. Died. | ||||||||||
58th | ||||||||||||
Vacant | September 30, 1904 – October 12, 1904 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
Appointed to continue Hoar's term. Elected January 18, 1905, to finish Hoar's term.[12] |
October 12, 1904 – March 3, 1913 |
Republican | ![]() Winthrop M. Crane |
18 | ||||||||
Re-elected January 18, 1905.[12] | 21 | 59th | ||||||||||
60th | 21 | Re-elected in 1907. Retired. | ||||||||||
61st | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in January 1911. | 22 | 62nd | ||||||||||
63rd | 22 | Elected January 14, 1913. Lost re-election. |
March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1919 |
Republican | ![]() John W. Weeks |
19 | ||||||
64th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1916. | 23 | 65th | ||||||||||
66th | 23 | Elected in 1918. Lost re-election. |
March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1925 |
Democratic | ![]() David I. Walsh |
20 | ||||||
67th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1922. Died. |
24 | 68th | ||||||||||
Vacant | November 9, 1924 – November 13, 1924 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
20 | ![]() William M. Butler |
Republican | November 13, 1924 – December 6, 1926 |
Appointed to continue Lodge's term. Lost election to finish Lodge's term. | ||||||||
69th | 24 | Elected in 1924. Retired. |
March 4, 1925 – March 3, 1931 |
Republican | ![]() Frederick H. Gillett |
21 | ||||||
21 | ![]() David I. Walsh |
Democratic | December 6, 1926 – January 3, 1947 |
Elected to finish Lodge's term. | ||||||||
70th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1928. | 25 | 71st | ||||||||||
72nd | 25 | Elected in 1930. Retired. |
March 4, 1931 – January 3, 1937 |
Democratic | ![]() Marcus A. Coolidge |
22 | ||||||
73rd | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1934. | 26 | 74th | ||||||||||
75th | 26 | Elected in 1936. | January 3, 1937 – February 3, 1944 |
Republican | ![]() Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. |
23 | ||||||
76th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1940. Lost re-election. |
27 | 77th | ||||||||||
78th | 27 | Re-elected in 1942. Resigned to return to active duty in the U.S. Army. | ||||||||||
Vacant | February 4, 1944 – February 7, 1944 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
Appointed to continue Lodge's term. Did not run for election to finish the term. |
February 8, 1944 – December 19, 1944 |
Republican | ![]() Sinclair Weeks |
24 | ||||||||
Elected November 7, 1944, to finish Lodge's term. Didn't take seat until January 4, 1945, as he wanted to remain Governor of Massachusetts. However, he was duly elected and qualified as senator. |
December 19, 1944 – January 3, 1967 |
Republican | ![]() Leverett Saltonstall |
25 | ||||||||
79th | ||||||||||||
22 | ![]() Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. |
Republican | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953 |
Elected in 1946. Lost re-election. |
28 | 80th | ||||||
81st | 28 | Re-elected in 1948. | ||||||||||
82nd | ||||||||||||
23 | ![]() |
Democratic | January 3, 1953 – December 22, 1960 |
Elected in 1952. | 29 | 83rd | ||||||
84th | 29 | Re-elected in 1954. | ||||||||||
85th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1958. Resigned to become U.S. President. |
30 | 86th | ||||||||||
Vacant | December 22, 1960 – December 27, 1960 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
24 | ![]() Benjamin Smith |
Democratic | December 27, 1960 – November 7, 1962 |
Appointed to continue John F. Kennedy's term. Did not run for election to finish the term. | ||||||||
87th | 30 | Re-elected in 1960. Retired. | ||||||||||
25 | ![]() Ted Kennedy |
Democratic | November 7, 1962 – August 25, 2009 |
Elected November 6, 1962, to finish his brother's term. | ||||||||
88th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1964. | 31 | 89th | ||||||||||
90th | 31 | Elected in 1966. | January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1979 |
Republican | ![]() Edward Brooke |
26 | ||||||
91st | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1970. | 32 | 92nd | ||||||||||
93rd | 32 | Re-elected in 1972. Lost re-election. | ||||||||||
94th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1976. | 33 | 95th | ||||||||||
96th | 33 | Elected in 1978. Retired and resigned early to give successor preferential seniority. |
January 3, 1979 – January 2, 1985 |
Democratic | ![]() Paul Tsongas |
27 | ||||||
97th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1982. | 34 | 98th | ||||||||||
Appointed early to finish Tsongas's term, having already been elected to the next term. | January 2, 1985 – February 1, 2013 |
Democratic | ![]() John Kerry |
28 | ||||||||
99th | 34 | Elected in 1984. | ||||||||||
100th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1988. | 35 | 101st | ||||||||||
102nd | 35 | Re-elected in 1990. | ||||||||||
103rd | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 1994. | 36 | 104th | ||||||||||
105th | 36 | Re-elected in 1996. | ||||||||||
106th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 2000. | 37 | 107th | ||||||||||
108th | 37 | Re-elected in 2002. | ||||||||||
109th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 2006. Died. |
38 | 110th | ||||||||||
111th | 38 | Re-elected in 2008. Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of State. | ||||||||||
Vacant | August 25, 2009 – September 24, 2009 |
Vacant | ||||||||||
26 | ![]() Paul G. Kirk |
Democratic | September 24, 2009 – February 4, 2010 |
Appointed to continue Ted Kennedy's term. Did not run for election to finish the term.[13] | ||||||||
27 | ![]() Scott Brown |
Republican | February 4, 2010 – January 3, 2013 |
Elected January 19, 2010, to finish Ted Kennedy's term. Lost re-election. | ||||||||
112th | ||||||||||||
28 | ![]() Elizabeth Warren |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 – Present |
Elected in 2012. | 39 | 113th | ||||||
Appointed to continue Kerry's term. Did not run for election to finish the term.[14] |
February 1, 2013 – July 16, 2013 |
Democratic | ![]() Mo Cowan |
29 | ||||||||
Elected June 25, 2013, to finish Kerry's term. | July 16, 2013 – Present |
Democratic | ![]() Ed Markey |
30 | ||||||||
114th | 39 | Re-elected in 2014. | ||||||||||
115th | ||||||||||||
Re-elected in 2018. | 40 | 116th | ||||||||||
117th | 40 | Re-elected in 2020. | ||||||||||
118th | ||||||||||||
To be determined in the 2024 election. | 41 | 119th | ||||||||||
120th | 41 | To be determined in the 2026 election. | ||||||||||
# | Senator | Party | Years in office | Electoral history | T | T | Electoral history | Years in office | Party | Senator | # | |
Class 1 | Class 2 |
Living former senators
As of June 2022, there are four living former U.S. senators from Massachusetts. The most recent senator to die was Edward Brooke (served 1967–1979) on January 3, 2015. The most recently serving senator to die was Ted Kennedy (served 1962–2009), who died in office on August 25, 2009.
Senator | Term of office | Date of birth (and age) |
---|---|---|
John Kerry | January 2, 1985 – February 1, 2013 | December 11, 1943 |
Paul G. Kirk | September 24, 2009 – February 4, 2010 | January 18, 1938 |
Scott Brown | February 4, 2010 – January 3, 2013 | September 12, 1959 |
Mo Cowan | February 1, 2013 — July 16, 2013 | April 4, 1969 |
Superlatives
Longest service
Senator | First served | Last served | Length of service |
---|---|---|---|
Ted Kennedy | November 7, 1962 | August 25, 2009 | 46 years, 291 days (17,093 days) |
Henry Cabot Lodge | March 4, 1893 | November 9, 1924 | 31 years, 250 days (11,572 days) |
John Kerry | January 2, 1985 | February 1, 2013 | 28 years, 30 days (10,257 days) |
George Frisbie Hoar | March 4, 1877 | September 30, 1904 | 27 years, 210 days (10,071 days) |
David I. Walsh | March 4, 1919 | March 3, 1925 | Combined total: 26 years, 27 days (9,517 days) |
December 6, 1926 | January 3, 1947 |
Shortest service
Senator | First served | Last served | Length of service |
---|---|---|---|
Robert Rantoul, Jr. | February 1, 1851 | March 3, 1851 | 1 month and 2 days (30 days) |
Paul G. Kirk | September 24, 2009 | February 4, 2010 | 4 months, 1 week and 4 days (133 days) |
Mo Cowan | February 1, 2013 | July 16, 2013 | 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day (165 days) |
Robert Charles Winthrop | July 30, 1850 | February 1, 1851 | 6 months and 2 days (186 days) |
Julius Rockwell | June 3, 1854 | January 31, 1855 | 7 months and 4 weeks (242 days) |
Youngest at beginning of service
Senator | Date of birth | First served | Age |
---|---|---|---|
Ted Kennedy | February 22, 1932 | November 7, 1962 | 30 years, 8 months and 16 days |
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. | July 5, 1902 | January 3, 1937 | 34 years, 5 months and 29 days |
John F. Kennedy | May 29, 1917 | January 3, 1953 | 35 years, 7 months and 5 days |
John Quincy Adams | July 11, 1767 | March 4, 1803 | 35 years, 7 months and 21 days |
Samuel Dexter | May 14, 1761 | March 4, 1799 | 37 years, 9 months and 18 days |
Oldest at end of service
Senator | Date of birth | Last served | Age |
---|---|---|---|
Frederick H. Gillett | October 16, 1851 | March 3, 1931 | 79 years, 4 months and 15 days |
George Frisbie Hoar | August 29, 1826 | September 30, 1904 | 78 years, 1 month and 1 day |
Ted Kennedy | February 22, 1932 | August 25, 2009 | 77 years, 6 months and 3 days |
Henry L. Dawes | October 30, 1816 | March 3, 1893 | 76 years, 4 months and 3 days |
Ed Markey | July 11, 1946 | Present | 76 years and 10 days |
See also
References
- ^ Belluck, Pam (June 25, 2004). "Massachusetts Politicians Fight Over a Kerry Victory". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ Zezima, Katie (July 2, 2004). "National Briefing: Massachusetts: Senate Approves Interim-Appointment Bill". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ Greenberger, Scott S. (July 31, 2004). "Romney veto overridden: Governor can no longer fill vacancies in the US Senate". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ Anderson, Rob (July 16, 2004). "Devil in the Details: After Kerry, The Deluge". The American Prospect. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ "Chapter 236 of the Acts of 2004". Acts of 2004 (Session Laws). The General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. July 30, 2004. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ Viser, Matt (September 23, 2009). "Legislature gives final approval to bill to fill Kennedy seat". The Boston Globe. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
- ^ "Massachusetts 1798 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018., citing Connecticut Gazette (New London, CT). June 20, 1798.
- ^ "Massachusetts 1800 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved January 25, 2018., citing Hampshire Gazette (Northhampton). June 11, 1800. The Kentucky Gazette (Lexington, KY). July 3, 1800.
- ^ "Massachusetts 1803 U.S. Senate, Ballot 4". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved January 30, 2018., citing Columbian Centinel. Massachusetts Federalist (Boston, MA). February 5, 1803. The Independent Chronicle (Boston, MA). February 7, 1803. Columbian Centinel. Massachusetts Federalist (Boston, MA). February 9, 1803. Hampshire Gazette (Northampton, MA). February 9, 1803. Boston Gazette (Boston, MA). February 10, 1803. Republican Star or Eastern Shore General Advertiser (Easton, MD). March 1, 1803. Frederick-Town Herald (Fredericktown, MD). March 5, 1803.
- ^ "Massachusetts 1805 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved January 29, 2018., citing The Providence Phoenix (Providence, RI). February 9, 1805.
- ^ "Massachusetts 1808 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 3, 2018., citing The Pittsfield Sun (Pittsfield, MA). June 11, 1808.
- ^ a b The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1906. New York: The Press Publishing Co. New York World. 1905. p. 108.
- ^ "Paul Kirk officially appointed state's interim senator". September 25, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
- ^ Battenfeld, Joe; Chabot, Hillary; Cassidy, Chris (January 30, 2013). "Gov names adviser Mo Cowan to interim Senate post". Boston Herald. Retrieved January 30, 2013.