The 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature | |
---|---|
Bertrand Russell | |
Date | 5 October 1950 |
Location | Stockholm |
Country | Sweden |
Presented by | Swedish Academy |
Hosted by | Anders Österling |
First awarded | 1901 |
Website | 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature |
The 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded the British philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought."[1][2] He is the third philosopher to become a recipient of the prize after the French analytic-continental philosopher Henri Bergson in 1927, and was followed by the French-Algerian existentialist Albert Camus in 1957.[3] He is also the fifth British author to be awarded.
Laureate
Bertrand Russell made his first pioneering contributions within the branch of philosophy that deals with logic and mathematics. But his influence eventually spread across much more ground.[4] His work is known for its lightheartedness and humor, and it has helped a large audience of readers learn about science and philosophy. His writings cover a variety of subjects, including social and moral challenges, and his opinions were frequently divisive. Russell was a fierce champion of the right to free speech and thinking as well as a strong supporter of reason and humanism. His most famous philosophical works include Principia Mathematica (1910–1913), The Problems of Philosophy (1912), Why I Am Not a Christian (1927), Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), and A History of Western Philosophy (1945).[5][3]
Nomination
Russell had not been nominated for the prize before 1950, making it one of the rare occasions when an author have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the same year they were first nominated.[6] He was only nominated once by nominator Eugen Tigerstedt (1907–1979), professor of Swedish literature at the University of Helsinki.[7]
In total, the Nobel committee received 79 nominations for 54 individuals. Pär Lagerkvist (awarded in 1951) received seven nominations and was named a favorite following the publication of his novel Barabbas,[8] while Winston Churchill (awarded in 1953) received six nominations. 20 of the nominees were nominated first-time such as Simon Vestdijk, Graham Greene, Mika Waltari, Martin Buber, Robert Frost, Karl Jaspers, Alfred Noyes, John Dewey, Hermann Broch, and Robert Graves. Four of the nominees were women namely Karen Blixen, Marie Under, Gertrud von Le Fort, and Henriette Roland Holst. The American author William Faulkner was nominated in 1950 and was awarded for last year.[9]
The authors George Orwell, Olaf Stapledon, Xavier Villaurrutia, Marcel Mauss, Emmanuel Mounier, Albert Ehrenstein, Nicolai Hartmann, Alykul Osmonov, Cesare Pavese, Yi Kwang-su (nominated posthumously in 1970), Ernest Poole, Rafael Sabatini, Edgar Rice Burroughs, George Cecil Ives, Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky, Augusto d'Halmar, Agnes Smedley, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Elisabeth Langgässer, and Hilda D. Oakeley died in 1950 without having been nominated.
No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Martin Buber (1878–1965) | Austria Israel |
philosophy | Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) |
2 | Gertrud von Le Fort (1876–1971) | Germany | novel, short story, essays, poetry | |
3 | Enrique Larreta (1875–1961) | Argentina | history, essays, drama, novel |
|
4 | Alfred Noyes (1880–1958) | United Kingdom | poetry, drama, essays, biography, novel, short story, literary criticism | Frederick Samuel Boas (1862–1957) |
5 | Mark Aldanov (1886–1957) | Ukraine France |
biography, novel, essays, literary criticism | Ivan Bunin (1870–1953) |
6 | Winston Churchill (1874–1965) | United Kingdom | history, essays, memoir |
|
7 | Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) | Sweden | poetry, novel, short story, drama |
|
8 | Angelos Sikelianos (1884–1951) | Greece | poetry, drama |
|
9 | Nikos Kazantzakis (1883–1957) | Greece | novel, philosophy, essays, drama, memoir, translation | Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) |
10 | Paul Claudel (1868–1955) | France | poetry, drama, essays, memoir |
|
11 | William Faulkner (1897–1962) | United States | novel, short story, screenplay, poetry, essays | Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland (1884–1965) |
12 | Eugène Baie (1874–1964) | Belgium | law, essays | Paul Saintenoy (1862–1952) |
13 | Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) | United States | novel, short story, screenplay | Anders Österling (1884–1981) |
14 | Seán O'Casey (1880–1964) | Ireland | drama, memoir |
|
15 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | English PEN Centre |
16 | Johan Falkberget (1879–1967) | Norway | novel, short story, essays |
|
17 | Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889–1975) | United Kingdom | history, philosophy | Fredrik Böök (1883–1961) |
18 | Halldór Laxness (1902–1998) | Iceland | novel, short story, drama, poetry |
|
19 | Benedetto Croce (1866–1952) | Italy | history, philosophy, law |
|
20 | Robert Graves (1895–1985) | United Kingdom | history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
21 | Georges Duhamel (1884–1966) | France | novel, short story, poetry, drama, literary criticism |
|
22 | François Mauriac (1885–1970) | France | novel, short story |
|
23 | Jules Romains (1885–1972) | France | poetry, drama, screenplay | |
24 | Jean Schlumberger (1877–1968) | France | poetry, essays | French Centre – PEN International |
25 | Edward Plunkett (1878–1957) | Ireland | short story, novel, drama, poetry, essays, history, autobiography | Irish PEN Centre |
26 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) | Spain | philology, history | Gunnar Tilander (1894–1973) |
27 | Hans Carossa (1878–1956) | Germany | poetry, autobiography, essays | Axel Lindqvist (1873–1953) |
28 | Henriette Roland Holst (1869–1952) | Netherlands | poetry, essays, biography | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
29 | Jacobus Cornelis Bloem (1887–1966) | Netherlands | poetry, essays | |
30 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Netherlands | novel, poetry, essays, translation | |
31 | Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) | Germany Switzerland |
philosophy | Ernst Levy (1881–1968) |
32 | Mika Waltari (1908–1979) | Finland | short story, novel, poetry, drama, essays, screenplay |
|
33 | Leopold Staff (1878–1957) | Poland | poetry, translation | Jan Parandowski (1895–1978) |
34 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, autobiography, essays |
|
35 | Lin Yutang (1895–1976) | China | novel, philosophy, essays, translation | Pearl Buck (1892–1973) |
36 | Robert Frost (1874–1963) | United States | poetry, drama | American Academy of Arts and Letters |
37 | Albert Camus (1913–1960) | France | novel, short story, essays, philosophy, drama | Gustaf Hellström (1882–1953) |
38 | Thomas Head Raddall (1903–1994) | Canada | novel, short story, history, essays, memoir | Will Richard Bird (1891–1984) |
39 | Stijn Streuvels (1871–1969) | Belgium | novel, short story | Franz De Backer (1891–1961) |
40 | Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) | United Kingdom | philosophy, essays, history | Eugen Tigerstedt (1907–1979) |
41 | Júlio Dantas (1876–1962) | Portugal | poetry, drama, novel, essays | Lisbon Academy of Sciences |
42 | Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) | Russia | novel | Valentin Kiparsky (1904–1983) |
43 | Leonid Leonov (1899–1994) | Russia | drama, novel, short story | |
44 | Albert Steffen (1884–1963) | Switzerland | poetry, essays, drama, novel | Kersti Bergroth (1886–1975) |
45 | Karen Blixen (1885–1962) | Denmark | novel, short story, memoir | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
46 | Johannes Jørgensen (1866–1956) | Denmark | novel, poetry, biography | |
47 | Martin Andersen Nexø (1869–1954) | Denmark | novel, short story |
|
48 | John Dewey (1859–1952) | United States | philosophy, pedagogy, essays | Henry Steele Commager (1902–1998) |
49 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Norway | poetry, novel | Olav Midttun (1883–1972) |
50 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) | Egypt | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Bernard Guyon (1904–1975) |
51 | Marie Under (1883–1980) | Estonia | poetry | Johannes Aavik (1880–1973) |
52 | Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) | Russia | poetry, novel, translation | Martin Lamm (1880–1950) |
53 | Hermann Broch (1886–1951) | Austria | novel, essays | The Austrian PEN-Club |
54 | Arnulf Øverland (1889–1968) | Norway | poetry, essays | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
Award Ceremony
During the award ceremony held at Stockholm City Hall on 10 December 1966, Anders Österling of the Swedish Academy, said:
"With his superior intellect, Russell has, throughout half a century, been at the centre of public debate, watchful and always ready for battle, as active as ever to this very day, having behind him a life of writing of most imposing scope. His works in the sciences concerned with human knowledge and mathematical logic are epoch-making and have been compared to Newton’s fundamental results in mechanics. Yet it is not these achievements in special branches of science that the Nobel Prize is primarily meant to recognize. What is important, from our point of view, is that Russell has so extensively addressed his books to a public of laymen, and, in doing so, has been so eminently successful in keeping alive the interest in general philosophy."[10]
Nobel lecture
Russell delivered a Nobel lecture entitled "What Desires Are Politically Important?" at the Swedish Academy on 11 December 1950. The lecture addresses the political ramifications of desires that are considered infinite in their ability to be satisfied but not necessary for immediate human survival.[11] He highly stressed the importance of neutral and socially beneficial venues for the venting of passions and suggests the cultivation of intelligence as the best antidote for social strife.[11]
References
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1950". nobelprize.org.
- ^ George Axelsson (11 November 1950). "Faulkner Gets Nobel Prize; Bertrand Russell Is Honored; Literatare Awards Cover '49 and '50--Briton, Two Germans Win in Science". New York Times.
- ^ a b Bertrand Russell britannica.com
- ^ Bertrand Russell – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu
- ^ Bertrand Russell – Facts nobelprize.org
- ^ "Nomineringar och utlåtanden 1901-1950" (in Swedish). Svenska Akademien.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bertrand Russell". nobelprize.org.
- ^ Håkan Möller "Pär Lagerkvist, Barabbas and the Nobel Prize for Literature" Journal of World Literature 1 2016, p.505
- ^ Nomination archive – 1950 nobelprize.org
- ^ Award Ceremony speech by Anders Österling nobelprize.org
- ^ a b 1950 Nobel lecture nobelprize.org
External links
- Award Ceremony speech
- The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony 1950 video nobelprize.org